Douglas Stuart and Gordon Essay

People may believe that they do not need any hermeneutical training, but a general reading of the book How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth by Fee and Stuart is essential for Christians who have any inclination towards scripture. The guidelines and rules outlined in the book are very good and some of them are very well developed from the point of view of interpreting and understanding scripture. For the Bible student and the inquiry seekers, the book is an excellent tool for teaching. Douglas Stuart and Gordon Fee have displayed their competencies in making the interpretation of the principles of the Bible available to present day readers. While Gordon Fee is an Old Testament scholar, Douglas Stuart is a student of the New Testament and they have covered in the book matters relating to translations, the legendry genres of poetry, parable, narratives and epistles and the meanings conveyed in the writings that were presented to their original audiences. The authors have shown how the right interpretations require different ways of exegesis as per the literary texts being studied in terms of Wisdom, Apocalypse, law and Wisdom. When considering New Testament Epistles, it is realized upon reading the book that the authors have given excellent advices in saying that the book should be treated as letters. This implies that individuals must read the book several times just as they would read letters from their close ones and then try to understand the meaning conveyed in them. It is very important to understand that the text aims at revealing the concept that the book was written to address a specific audience in order to make them understand the intricacies of Christianity. It is not possible for a reader to be extra subjective in trying to apply the different passages from the scripture to his or her own life particularly when a specific passage does not connote the meaning as believed by the reader. The book has lot of positive components and attributes that make it an excellent piece of reading. It effectively describes the complication and difficulty faced in translation and provides general principles and rules of effective interpretation. It endorses the consideration of the cultural and historical perspective and observes the writing styles and genres used in the books, and also suggests being cautious against any kind of misinterpretations. The authors have presented an easy to understand style which brings forth the art of biblical interpretations within the reach of the normal human being in a way that make the study of the Bible very rewarding and interesting. The book provides recommendation for the use of bible translations, concordances and dictionaries as facilitation to the studies. The back cover has clearly explained about the book, â€Å"In clear, simple language, it helps you accurately understand the different parts of the Bible—their meaning for ancient audiences and their implications for you today—so you can uncover the inexhaustible worth that is in God’s Word. † The authors have exhibited certain negative attributes especially in regard to some specific viewpoints which every reader may not agree with. For example, the material available in Acts and the Epistles was more relevant during the days when the texts were written and is considered a much lesser positive aspect in the viewpoint of King James and New King James Bible. The present day international version of the Bible is known to be much influenced by feminism while the translation versions of the Bible, especially the English Standard Version, are not much influenced by feminism. This is considered as being more sought after as the Dynamic Equivalence way of translation. Some scholars have come to believe that all hermeneutic theories have not been adequately dealt with by the authors. Since one of the authors is said to be an associate of the Assemblies of God Church, he has made some critics to point that the hermeneutics have been presented in his style. There have been several allegations of the flow of content being difficult while the style of writing has not been up to the mark. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth guides the reader in a way that he or she can handle the Scripture in a better way, and teaches how misinterpretations can be avoided by using the context properly. The entire book emphasizes the importance of holistic reading of passages as per the over all substance of Scripture. Quirky doctrines and bad exegesis are the result of instances when passage and biblical statements are taken out from the theological, historical or cultural contexts and focused on aspects that are away from the whole of the revelation. In this context the introduction in the books has aptly explained that, â€Å"The aim of good interpretation is not uniqueness; one is not trying to discover what no one else has ever seen before. Interpretation that aims at, or thrives on, uniqueness can usually be attributed to pride (an attempt to ‘out clever’ the rest of the world), a false understanding of spirituality (wherein the Bible is full of deeply buried truths waiting to be mined by the spiritually sensitive person with special insight), or vested interests (the need to support a theological bias, especially dealing with texts that seem to go against that bias). † It is realized that the authors have made powerful points when one tries to understand the historic tests of the Old and New Testaments. They firstly make a case in favour of reading these books in order to see the activities of God in the matters pertaining to His Church and Israel. Hence these books are better understood if they are divided into separate sections that should be read as a successive account of deliverance history. Additionally the authors have warned that the passages should not be decontextualized and allegorized since such actions become tempting while reading historical narratives which do not appear to have much spiritual and theological importance. Significant points have been made by the authors in enhancing the awareness of the gospels. It is initially affirmed that some knowledge of the historical texts is important and crucial and that one is at a disadvantage if he or she is not conversant with Mediterranean culture of the 1st century. Secondly, it helps to read accounts of similar gospels and understand the minor differences which can enhance the understanding in regard to the audiences that the gospels intend to address and the kind of message that the authors are aiming to convey in those instances. It is established in the entire book that, as a rule, one must think and read in paragraph form to make the best and most meaningful use of the books. The treatment of the legal books of Hebrews is very impressive. The authors make a strong point that the given laws were specified for Israel in order to make them get benefits by understanding and applying them to the Israeli people. This point is considered valid by the authors but they also point out that there needs to be a precise way of teaching that the law did not emphasize upon. Moreover, the New Testament is no longer binding on the people today and is not considered by the authors as a strong argument. The laws that condemned rape, incest, homosexuality and bestiality were not specifically stated by Jesus, but they are believed to be true and applicable today also. The book is concluded in dealing with revelation, wisdom literature and psalms. However there is nothing new or revolutionary in these narrations which include strong and sound advice in regard to some negligible points of contention. Although the book cannot be considered exhaustive as a guide it is undoubtedly the best in enabling the understanding and reading of the Scripture. In essence, the book has aptly demonstrated how the Bible should be read theologically through the eyes of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ instead of the overtly idealistic and literalistic methods. Bible reading is revealed as being not only informative but also resulting in the positive transformation of human beings. Bibliography Fee Gordon D and Stuart Douglas, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, 2003, Zondervan

Life of Pi analysis Essay

Life of Pi â€Å"Life of Pi† written by Yann Martel is an incredibly philosophical novel that tells the story of survival. Pi Patel, a young Indian boy, is faced against the impossible when his familys boat is shipwrecked and he is left stranded in a lifeboat with an interesting and potentially harmful group of animals: a zebra, an orangutan, a vicious hyena, and the magnificent Richard Parker, a Bengal tiger with a human like name. Throughout the novel, due to his situation of being stranded, Pi had to take drastic measures in order to survive. Part of his need to survive resulted in Pi giving up his egetarian ways. Slowly throughout the book, readers witness the transformation from Pi’s civil eating habits to an animalistic devouring of food . His transformation of eating habits leaves readers to question how, after reaching such a gruesome point, is Pi able to return to the life he lived pre-shipwreck, and return to his old eating habits as if nothing happened? In the beginning of the novel, it is quickly established that Pi was vegetarian. With being so close to the zoo keeping industry allowed Pi to develop a love and understanding for animals that many carnivorous eaters don’t. His religion of Hinduism also played a part in Pi’s original eating habits. The strictness in his diet made it hard for Pi to, at first, get accustomed to life on the sea. Imagine going from eating a strict vegetarian diet to being required to eat anything in plain sight Just to survive. Pi’s first scene where he breaks his vegetarian diets occurred a days after the shipwreck. After realizing that the sea is full of edible life forms, Pi makes an executive decision and decides that, in order to survive, he must eat food that would defy his vegetarian ways. After unsuccessfully using a leather hoe as bait for fish, Pi is interrupted by a school of flying fish. Luckily for P’, some of the fish fall into the boat, making them readily available for Pi and Richard Parker to eat. Being the animal that he is, Richard Parker does not hesitate to eat his portion of the fish. However the same does not go for P’. Eating the fish meant doing what he considered to be the unthinkable. Pi â€Å"proceeded with great deliberation† (182) and â€Å"unwrapped the fish carefully’ (182). It was apparent that killing the fish went against all of Pi’s morals because â€Å"the closer the fish was to appearing, the more afraid and isgusted† (182) he became. Pi’s contemplated a lot before making his decision because â€Å"a lifetime of peaceful vegetarianism stood between and the willful beheading of a fish† (183). After deciding that the best way to kill the fish was to break its neck, Pi had â€Å"tears flowing down his cheeks† (183). The simple killing of a fish left Pi in an emotional state. Now instead of an innocent sixteen year old boy, Pi was a killer and guilty of taking a life away. In other words, Pi now â€Å"had blood on [his] hands† (183). Despite Pi’s utter disgust and emotional breakdown, he continued to fish using the dead fish’s head as bait. As a result, Pi was able to attract the attention of a hungry Dorado bird. Once Pi realized that he had his next victim, he began to reel it in. However, the Dorado bird was not going to go down without a fight. Although it was a struggle for Pi to reel in the distressed bird, â€Å"killing it was no problem† (185). Pi beat the bird vigorously witha atc et n n . Unlike the tisn, Pi nad no issues witn killing the Dorado. He maintained emotionally stable and didn’t really care whether or not the bird suffered while it was being beaten. At this point in the novel, readers begin to see how Pi’s eating habits are transformed. In such a short time, Pi went from â€Å"weeping over the muffled killing of a flying fish to gleefully bludgeoning to death of a Dorado† (185). This is proof to the believe that â€Å"a person can get used to anything† (185) regardless of what it is. In Pi’s case, he got accustomed to killing. As time passes by, Pi’s eating habits only become more brutal. After discovering the simplicity in catching turtle, Pi began to eat them. More specifically, Pi butchered the turtles and drank the â€Å"sweet lassi† (212) that would spurt from the turtle’s neck. Not only did turtles become Pi’s â€Å"favorite dish† (212), but it also ate everything that urtles had to offer, whether it be their liver, heart, lungs, flesh, or intestine. Pi’s methods for killing the turtles and his behavior when eating the turtles showed how Pi was slowly transforming into a version of Richard Parker. His eating habits were becoming animalistic and they continued to worsen as Pi spent more time stranded out in the Pacific. In addition to ravenously eating his prey, Pi’s mood began to reflect the amount of food he ingested. Once Pi’s rations were gone, â€Å"anything was good to eat† (213). Instead of using his morals and sense of reasoning, Pi would Just eat nything he could find, regardless of the taste. Even Richard Parker’s feces caused Pi’s mouth to water. Pi’s need for food numbed his mind from making reasonable decisions. In Pi’s mind, everything was edible, much like how animals perceive everything to be edible. On top of atrociously killing turtles, Pi began to kill small sharks that would swim by the lifeboat. Instead of fishing for these sharks, Pi would â€Å"catch [the sharks] with [his] bare hands† (219) and eat their flesh. This sort of behavior Pi demonstrated further proves how his eating habits resemble those of Richard Parker. Whenever Pi would throw the tiger its ortion of the prey, Richard Parker would â€Å"attack immediately’ (219) by striking the animal with his forepaws. Similarly, Pi is beginning to â€Å"attack† his prey with his hands, and then devour it. Pi also reached a point where he, himself, realized how his eating habits resembled Richard Parker’s. He became known of â€Å"how low [he] had sunk† when he compared his eating to the tiger’s. Both ate their food with a â€Å"noisy, frantic, unchewing wolfing-down† (225) nature. Even though at that point of Pi’s journey he seemed to have become a completely new individual, Pi still had some of his morals intact. When Pi became temporarily blind, a French cook boarded the lifeboat and began to talk to him. At the time, Pi thought that he was talking to Richard Parker. Pi and the cook discussed food, and the cooks view on food caused Pi to feel â€Å"sick† (245). Unbeknown to Pi, the cook was actually a cannibal and had every intention to eat Pl. Luckily for P’, Richard Parker was there to save him by killing the French cook. However, although Pi was sickened by the thought of eating another human being, Pi’s actions following the death of the cook showed how hunger truly numbed his mind from remembering his morals and his vegetarian ways. After â€Å"catch[ing] one of [the cooks] arms with the gaff’ (256), Pi used the Frenchman’s body part as bait. Pi’s extreme need for food also drove him to eat some the man’s flesh. Although the amount ot tlesn Pi ate was small and went â€Å"nearly unnoticed† (2 still ate the flesh of another human. That by definition is cannibalism. For Pi to go to such an extreme Just to satisfy his hunger confirms that he was willing to do anything to survive, even if it meant disregarding all of his religious and moral believes. Even if it meant that he had to become an animal, Pi was willing to do anything to survive. In the end, despite the food Pi was exposed to while stranded in the ocean, Pi did return to his peaceful life as a vegetarian. When the interviewer went to hear Pi’s incredible story, the interviewer made note of the fact that Pi was an â€Å"excellent cook† (25). Pi happily made the interviewer some vegetarian tacos and zesty macaroni and cheese. It would seem as if Pi never viciously slaughtered turtles or sharks, or had eaten the flesh of another human being. It was as if Pi had forgotten the horrid things that happened on the lifeboat. However, that was the case. Those memories were forever mprinted in Pi’s memory, but Pi was able to move past the killings and continue with the lifestyle that truly made him happy and comfortable before his misfortunes. As Pi stated before, â€Å"a person can get used to anything†. In regards to his eating habits, once Pi returned back to normal civilization, he became accustomed to the habits he had before the shipwreck.

Article 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

4 - Article Example The second part mentions about a farm six miles away from the town of Decorah in Iowa. The farm is about 890-acre and contains a stretch of woods and rolling fields of Heritage crops. This particular farm is known of its practice of letting its crops grow to seeds. It has been named home to the Seed Savers Exchange and is one of the biggest non-governmental seed banks within the United States (Siebert, Charles 6). An account of Diane Ott Whealy is mentioned concerning the seedlings of Heirloom plant types. And this is dates back to the year 1975. It is because of their enthusiasm towards keeping that specific variety of seeds that they Diane and the husband Kent decide to build a store. Currently, that store is said to have a membership of about 13,000 people and preserves seeds of several varieties of heirloom. Considering the increasing food extinction in the world, in the US, 90% of its historic fruits and vegetable varieties have vanished. For instance, of the 7000apple varieties grown in the 1800s, less than a hundred remain today. The same case is happening in Philippines where thousands of types of rice once existed: now only less than a hundred are there. Countries like; China, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen and Sudan are also not exempted. Some other dwindling food variety include beet, Cabbage, Cucumber, Tomato, Sweet corn, Radish, Pea, Squash, Lettuce and Muskmelon (Siebert, Charles 8). Another section of the article gives information relating to the present efforts to increasing food production in the developing continents like Africa. And this is a process that has been considered to bypass the green revolution and might only elevate the pace at which crop species and livestock breeds become extinct. Countries like Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi, are said to have sacrificed much of their crops to the mono-cropping of imported, high-yielding ones. In conclusion, therefore, this article gives ideas relating to why some of our crop varieties

Global Financial Stability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Financial Stability - Essay Example When the FED raises interest rates the value of the dollar tends to go up. â€Å"An increase in the foreign exchange value of the dollar, in turn, would raise the price in foreign cur ­rency of U.S. goods traded on world markets and lower the dollar price of goods imported into the United States† (Federalreserve) The growth of the U.S banking industry oversees has been significant since the 1950’s. In 1950 there were seven U.S. banks operating oversees with 126 branches; by 1976 the U.S. had 731 branches abroad (Fieleke). In 1978 the value of the total assets of U.S. banks oversee had reach $306 billion which is nearly 100 times higher than its asset balance 20 years earlier. U.S. banks were motivated to expand oversees because the international branches had a higher return on investment than the domestic bank branches. The U.S. banks that operated oversees were able to steal market share from the local banks due to their superior marketing expertise. The balance of p ayments records and tracks all the financial transaction made by consumers, government, and the business community with other nations. It measures the amount of imports that entered the United States territory. The biggest imported of goods in the world is the United States. The reason for this phenomenon is the high gross domestic product per capita of the people and the consumerism culture of American citizens. The United States has taken advantage of its banking industry to generate money oversees. The U.S has also used its power and economic resources to lend money to other countries to help in their development process. The U.S has used its banking industry as a tool to improve its diplomatic relations with many countries. For instance the U.S. controls Panama and the channel since they have provided a lot of the money used for expanding the canal which is extremely important for the trading activity between North and South America. The FDIC was created in 1933 and at the time it guaranteed the client’s money up to $2500. Today the FDIC guarantees deposits up to $250,000. The FDIC insurance was very instrumental in the growth of the banking industry during the past 50 years. Foreigners felt a greater level of security depositing their money in U.S banks because their local banks could not offer the types of guarantees in their deposits that the U.S. banks could due to their FDIC insurance protocol. In the 1980’s approximately 20% of the deposits of U.S. banks came from its international branches. During this decade there were inflationary forces in the U.S economy. At the time the government created The Emergency Credit Control Act which gave the Federal Reserve virtually unlimited powers to alter the nature of financial services available in the economy during emergency periods (Hester). The Reagan Administration did a bad job of controlling interest rates, but his tax cut initiatives during the early part of the 1980’s helped apprec iate the value of the U.S. Dollar in international markets. A lot of restructuring of banks occurred during this era. The United States during the 20th century was the biggest international player in the banking industry. The country’s banking sector aggressively expanding into the foreign territory to take advantage of foreign

Influence and Change in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influence and Change in Organizations - Essay Example The ‘best practices’ primarily suggest clarity of purpose. This implies that the underlying problem needs to be identified – why is change needed and how these surveys could influence change. To implement best practices, the organization must be able to communicate and have a clear understanding with the employees on why the organization is undertaking the 360 degree feedback survey (Wimer & Nowack, 2006). There should be no assumptions that it would inevitably lead to enhanced leadership skills (McCarthy & Garavan, 2007). This necessitates that the entire process must be explicitly explained which could help overcome management resistance. This would also ensure rater receptivity because unless the managers accept the feedback they would not engage in development planning. Beliefs about change influence acceptance and hence perceptions of fairness is essential. Multisource feedback is supposed to limit biases and hence anonymity of some raters may have to be main tained. Anonymous raters tend to be candid and positive and usually provide a higher rating (CCL, 2011). However, who rates who is important and if managers are not receptive to certain raters, the effect of MSF is nullified. Thus while some raters should be anonymous, managers should also be allowed to choose some raters. If they are allowed to choose all the raters biases could creep in. Raters should be selected on the basis of the objective criteria and should be jointly selected by the rater and the rate. This would enhance acceptance and perceptions of fairness. To ensure employee readinesss, organizational culture should be supportive to conduct the 365-degree feedback survey (Morgeson, Mumford & Campion, 2005). If the managers have the confidence in the system and perceive fairness, they would be highly likely to make changes. Specific training interventions could help educate the managers about the process, the intentions and the expected outcome (McCarthy & Garavan, 2007). Rater training may help eliminate errors and also help eliminate cynicism from within the organization as cynicism can reduce the impact of the MSF. Rater training should include, in addition to training in reliable and accurate ratings, discussions on how the survey instrument was created and how the information will be used. Besides, anonymity should be assured through confidentiality (Morgeson, Mumford & Campion, 2005). Confidentiality of the rating process is also important and critical to the success of the process. The recipients or the raters too need to be trained in acceptance of the ratings and on how to handle negative feedback. Morgeson, Mumford and Campion (2005) found that most organizations used the surveys for developmental purposes and that it should categorically not be used to determine salaries. When used for developmental purpose the data is the property of the people being rated while when used for administrative purposes, the organization owns the data. To ac hieve the best results, people should be given control of their own data (Wimer & Nowack, 2006). People will feel empowered if they can choose with whom and to what extent they share their feedback. However, the feedback recipient should have access to a trained feedback giver who has experience with assessment. The recipients should also be provided guidance on how to share data and use it constructively. However, an overwhelming amount of data may

Administrative Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Administrative Law Coursework - Essay Example the development of the state as an industrial welfare one and with the government extending its monitoring systems to almost all areas of socio-cultural and economic life, the judicial review of the decisions taken by the administration has become an absolute necessity to support the standpoint of the government to recognize the individual interests. During the last 15 years of so, the courts basing their courses on this broad-based approach of the government have also delivered their decisions in various cases recognizing the individual interests. The cited instance of the issue connected with the granting of more number of taxi licenses against the number of licenses announced as will be issued is a case falling under the purview o the Administrative Law which implies the exercise of the power of the government delegated to the local administrative bodies by the legislature through various statutes. This power enables the administrative bodies to follow the prescribed procedure regarding the exercise of such powers vested on them during any decision making process. â€Å"The administrative law emanates from the general rule of law that all government officials and public authorities are subject to the regular law of the land as administered by the courts†1. The officials and public authorities can exercise only those powers specifically vested on them by the legislature and this is to ensure that they are not exceeding their authority in making any decision in the administrative matters. The second premise is that even when the authorities are acting within the scope of authority the courts will have the power to intervene to ensure that follow the proper procedures already laid down in this connection. It is also imperative that such authorities take into account the interests of the individuals before arriving at any decision. The public officials while adopting the procedures for decision making under their powers should consider how the decisions need to

Strategic Initiatives Required of easyJet plc to maintain its Dominant Dissertation

Strategic Initiatives Required of easyJet plc to maintain its Dominant Market Share in the United Kingdom - Dissertation Example The venture failed, being squeezed out by the established airlines, but the concept remained and was revived in the 1980s, when deregulation in the airline industry in the U.S.A. witnessed Southwest airlines using this strategy to gain dominance in the domestic market. Liberalization in the airline market by the European Commission resulted in this concept reviving in the European sector in the 1990s. Consequently, â€Å"no frills airlines† sprung up by the mid-1990s in the United Kingdom and began dominating the European Market. easyJet came into being in 1995 as the brainchild of the Cypriot businessman Stelios Haji Ioannou, having a background steeped in the shipping industry. The early days of easyJet did not witness much success in proving to be a profitable venture. However, between the period 1998 to 2002 easyJet demonstrated the hunger and drive for larger market share and profitability through an impressive record of raising its 77 million pound turnover and 5.9 milli on pound profitability to 582 million pound turnover and 71.6 million pound profitability over this period. Strategic initiatives in the form of mergers and acquisitions of competitors and brand extension resulted in easyJet rising to a dominant market position in the United Kingdom market (Homer & Swarbrooke, 2004). ... Such a study would add to the body of knowledge of strategic management, providing insight into sustaining competitive advantage. 3. Literature Review easyJet has its headquarters in Luton England, providing direct employment to 7,300 people that include 1,900 pilots and 4,300 cabin crew. It has revolutionized the manner in which people in Europe travel for business or for pleasure. It has led the way in utilizing the Internet as means of providing convenience in ticketing and quick dissemination of information. It operates on more than 540 routes in Europe with its 196 aircraft. In 2010 it carried fifty million passengers. It has strong market positions in key markets in Europe. It holds the dominant position at Gatwick, Milan and Geneva and is a strong contender in Paris (easyJet plc, 2011). The business and financial highlights of easyJet for the year 2010 shows a total revenue of 2,973.1 million pounds, profit before tax of 154.0 million pounds, return on equity of 8.6% and retur n on capital of 8.8%. easyJet has demonstrated continuing growth, with passenger numbers up by 7.9% and total revenue per seat up by 5.1% (easyJet plc, 2011). With the passing of each year easyJet’s market position in the European short haul aviation sector has only grown stronger. In the first half of 2010 it increased its market share from 6.5% to 7.6% (easyJet plc, 2010). easyJet has demonstrated how to use the resource based model to attain competitive edge and success in the business world. In its initial days it imitated this business model used by Southwest Airlines of U.S.A. which was characterized by use of one type of aircraft, the Boeing 737; catering to short haul needs; no

Emotional and Behavior Disorders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emotional and Behavior Disorders - Assignment Example This study stresses that emotional or behavioral disorders are classified into three groups, namely: internalizing factors, low incidence disorder and externalizing. Behavior disorders can also be inherited through an individual’s genes or because of a chemical imbalance in one’s brain because of an injury sustained in the brains. Youth exposed to violence, death of a family member(s), abuse and extreme stress are also prone to suffering from behavior and emotional disorders. 8 emotional and behavioral disorders Characteristics/Traits Commonly Used Medications Recommended Therapeutic Interventions Recommended Educational Interventions Disorder Name: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)       From this paper it is clear that the affected child is unable to pay attention to anything. The affected child is easily distracted and not constantly active. The child is not still. The use of stimulant and non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine are normally recomm ended. Induced psychosis in methylphenidate is also recommended as medication. Lisdexamfetamin, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine are also the common medication. The Team Approach should be effectively used in which the parents, therapist, psychologist, teachers and the school, and physician should work together to focus on interventions, like consistent use of reward systems, techniques and schedules to help in mastering of skills. People should be made aware of the causes of these conditions and preventive measures put in place to prevent occurrence. Treatment should also be sought as early as possible for people who are affected. Disorder Name: Severe Depression       Loss of concentration in normal activities. The affected child experiences changes in appetite and feels hopeless. Lack of value towards life which may lead to destructive behaviors and suicide. Various antidepressants are used in the treatment of depression and conditions related to depression. T hey include Tricyclic antidepressant, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Selective Serotonin Inhibitors reuptake inhibitors and Serotin & norepinephrine Inhibitors. Interpersonal Therapies and cognitive behavioral therapies should be used in the treatment of severe depression. People should be made aware of the causes of these conditions and preventive measures put in place to prevent occurrence. Treatment should also be sought as early as possible for people who are affected. Disorder Name: Eating Disorders      

Nursing Accountability in Relationship Essay Example for Free

Nursing Accountability in Relationship Essay In this paper, I will review and implement recommendations based on the findings of the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) regarding the training of hospital staff to respond to a mass casualty incident (MCI). I will give examples and situations that can affect the effectiveness of proper training and responses to a traumatic event in our city, county, state, or country. For years, hospitals have contemplated the possibility of a mass casualty incident (MCI). Federal agencies planning and responding to these events have determined that it would be overwhelming and catastrophic to any community. The resources would not be sufficient to absorb the needs and requirements for help. These events can be naturally occurring or manmade, for example, hurricane season and tornado season in Texas can be predicted with accuracy. In the West coast, we have constant planning and preparation for the next big earthquake even though we do not know with accuracy when it would be. During hurricane Katrina, we had an excellent opportunity to witness how prepared a city is, and how hospitals can easily be overwhelmed by a massive influx of patients. Examples can be given worldwide, but for the purpose of simplicity we will not elaborate further. Never before have we experienced more threats than in the past few years starting from the Oklahoma City bombing and the 911 attacks as the most horrific examples to site. More and more we have seen our fears become our realities and our vulnerabilities, and this is what has made us rethink our strategies and training for proper response to chemical, radiological, or biological threats. Findings The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires that hospitals implement and test proper hospital response training twice a year. My hospital, BAMC, a military hospital, has complied with the training and has made significant contributions to the evolution and preparedness in response to a potential or actual event. The military has always been an integral part in training and preparation in regards to logistics and coordination of available resources, but even the best trained or better equipped hospitals cannot compensate for the impact it has on its employees, particularly nurses. Nurses take part and are an important aspect of training and preparation, and they are essential in the response to a crisis or trauma. Working in the emergency department, I often question myself as to how is it that we can train and prepare every year for a mass casualty incident (MCI) when I can see how easily we get overrun and in total disarray. Our hospital is currently capable of taking up to four major traumas all at the same time, but the reality is that even under the best staffed days we get overwhelmed, resourcing quickly to diversion of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) to other hospitals when we have reached maximum capacity. If training then is to prepare us and allow us to be well equipped with the necessary knowledge to perform, why is it that we struggle under small real life case scenarios? The response has to be once again in the level of preparation that each individual nurse takes to be ready to be able to function under very stressful environment. The nurse can be well prepared for future events by performing after action reviews (AAR), which is primordial in determining the stressors and the potential solutions to the problems encountered after each event. Disaster drills are beneficial in the effectiveness of command and control, communication, triage, patient flow, security response, and the roles each practitioner must perform. Recommendations Hospital drills and disaster planning are key and instrumental to make the nurse familiar with his/ her role, as well as the role of all the providers of care and first responders. Proper coordination and adequate allocation of resources are essential. The nurse can be instrumental in his/her flexibility and ability to adapt to different roles under extremely chaotic circumstances. Also, nurses are important for the delegation of tasks and coordination of duties to be taken to stabilize the emergency department for the proper movement of patients arriving and departing. The nurse plays an integral role in the transporting of patient, triage, and treatment of the injured. Properly identifying those who are very critical (expectant, life threatening), and those who are stable and can still function (broken bones, laceration, psychological issues) allows the provider to render the proper and efficient care. The nurse needs to have clear communication with the rest of the staff at every level of the disaster event in order to function and coordinate efficiently. Good documentation needs to be implemented. Nurses need to remain creative in finding ways to document what has been done to a patient with regards of his or her care. In a war zone, we can document key components of patient treatment on the uniforms of soldiers, and the same can be done with civilian population in the absence of computers or charting for short periods of time. Another important aspect is the transport of first aid equipment and supplies as soon as the disaster is identified, including body bags, stretchers, wheelchairs, crutches, splints, IV solutions, blood products, antibiotics, and plenty of analgesics and narcotics. Keeping an adequate number of chaplains, counselors, and security is imperative for the emergency department to maintain order under the chaos and stress. Summary In conclusion, the registered nurse needs to be ever vigilant of the realities of our current situations of the world. Today, more than ever with ongoing climate changes and unpredictable massive storms, tornados, earthquakes, and the impending threats created by man, we are always at risk for an (MCI). Keeping a good understanding of the preparation and the steps to take, and knowing his or her role the nurse can be reassured that he/she will be ready for the unpredictable and often unthinkable. References Training of Hospital Staff to Respond to a Mass Casualty Incident Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 95 Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); July 2004 http://angel03. gcu. edu/section/default. asp? id=705202 Mass Casualty Incident (MCI) St. John West Shore Hospital, MCI Overview http://www. emsconedonline. com/pdfs/EMT-Mass%20Casualty%20Incident-an%20overview-Trauma. pdf

Oceanographic Properties Essay Example for Free

Oceanographic Properties Essay Oceanography is the study of the sea and oceans. It is composed of the geological study of the ocean floor and ocean features. The geological aspects of the oceanography include physical oceanography which is concerns with the physical attributes of the ocean water for example currents and temperatures and the chemical oceanography whose main focus is on the chemistry of ocean waters. Marine biology is the study of the oceanic flora and fauna. Oceanography also studies the meteorology which is the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean. The Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Arctic and Antarctic oceans and the Mediterranean Sea among others are integrated in oceanography. Naturalists as Thompson, a Scot, and John Murray a Canadian were among the first pioneers to discover and study oceanography. (Johnson 2005). The paper examines some of the physical, chemical and the marine features present in the oceans. Oceanographic Properties Physical oceanography refers to the discovery and the study of physics and the geography of the ocean currents and water properties. The major components are the dynamics of ocean currents on scales from centimeters to global, the ocean wave phenomena the distribution of heat and salt and their transport through the ocean basins, the exchange of the momentum, heat and freshwater between the ocean and the atmosphere, the interaction between the ocean and rivers, estuaries, ice and marginal seas. Physical geography has important application in global climate, oceanic mixing and coastal studies and in the studies of primary production, hydrothermal vents and oceanic flux and storage of carbon dioxide (Robert 2005). The ocean is composed of a mixture of 97% pure water and 3% other materials examples as salts, gases, organic substances, and the undisolved particles. Pure water determines the physical properties. The ocean is measureless covering 71% of the earth surface of which 65 % is considered open ocean- waters that lie far away from the costal ocean. Oceans are different with an averaging depth of more than two miles and containing vast life all over it even in the deepest bottoms. Oceanic life is composed of two major categories; the pelagic (ocean water) and the benthic (the sea floor). Pelagic is further divided with accordance of water depth. Fig 1. 0 parts of the ocean The first 200 meters of the ocean water is called the neritic zone which includes the seashore and offers abundant food for the larger animals due to the plentiful of small organisms. The ocean zone extends from 200 meters deep to the bottom of the ocean. Often the ocean zones are classified according to the amount of sunlight they receive. The top part which photosynthetic life is found called euphotic zone while the preceding zone is the dysphotic zone where light is too dim to support photosynthesis. The aphotic zone where there isn’t any light rays. Littoral zone is closest to the seashore covering a distance of 600 feet from the shoreline and is divided into three zones namely; the supralittoral which is submerged due to unusual high tides or during storm. The intertidal zone lies between the high and low tide lines then the sub-littoral which extends from low tide up to 200 meters. Ocean water salinity refers to the amount of salt found in the 1,000 grams of water. Majority of the salt content in the ocean comes from land but some originates from the undersea volcanoes thus the average ocean salinity is 35 grams of salt per 1,000 milligrams. An estuary refers to the point where fresh river water meets the oceans salty waters. Its salinity is different from the salinity of the ocean adjacent to it Most estuaries are found at river mouths and are thus long and narrow, resembling a channel. The water pressure increases with the increase in depth while the temperature which is the measure of hotness or coldness of an object is divided into three temperature vertical zones. ? Top layer is the surface or mixed layer and it’s greatly influenced by the solar system. ? The following layer is the thermocline and the temperature drops with the increase in depth, ? Then the third layer is deep-water layer and at this point the temperature decreases slowly with an increase in depth. In the ocean, the water density depends on the temperature, pressure and its salinity. For instance cold salty water is denser than fresh and warm water. The density further subdivides the ocean into three layers namely, the surface mixed where the temperature and saline content differs hence no great effect on density since it’s in direct contact with the air. Next layer is the transition zone where water remains cold and dense and it’s the barrier between the surface and the bottom zone allowing little water movement between the two zones. The bottom zone is where water remains cold and dense. This has been illustrated by the figure 2. 0 below. Fig. 2. 0 Density layers in the ocean Ocean currents The current keeps the ocean in a constant motion and moves large amounts of water into great distances. It is driven by wind forces, gravitational forces and tidal movement. There exists different types of current namely the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Eats wind drift, the North and Southern equatorial currents, the Peru currents, the Kureshio current and last the Gulf Stream. They flow in gyres which are loops of water. The gyres spin in a clockwise direction and in the southern hemisphere they do spin in anti-clockwise direction. The currents can be illustrated in the Figure 3. 0. The United States of America normally experiences the effects of the Gulf Stream currents in the Northern Atlantic zone, the equatorial current and the Canary current. Mostly affected coastlines are the Florida’s East coast, North Carolina and the Newfoundland. Figure 3. 0 oceanic currents Marine Biology By looking at the ocean surface, it is difficult for one to see the great diversity of life that exists in the ocean. The ocean inhibits different kinds of flora and fauna. They include the mammals, which are animals with backbones hence they are vertebrates. They unique features is that they breath air lungs, give birth to young ones, produce milk, are warm blooded and are covered with fur. They are the seals, sea lions, walruses, the sea oter and the polar bear. Other oceanic creatures include the giant squid, angelfish coelacanth, lantern fish, gulpers whales, sharks, fishes of all kinds. Other forms of ocean features are the coral reefs. (Cone 1992) Oceanic coasts There are various types of coasts in the ocean and the beaches are only but one type. They are divided into two categories namely the primary coasts and the secondary coasts. The primary coasts were created by non-marine processes. They happen because of changes in the land, such as river deltas or lava flows while the secondary coasts were formed by marine action and are caused by changes in the ocean, such as the creation of barrier islands or coral reefs. Reference Information on the â€Å"Focus on the Ocean† www. onr. navy Retrieved on 28th March 2009 Cone J. , (1992). â€Å"Fire under the Sea†, NY: Sage Robert H. S. (2005), â€Å"Introduction to physical oceanography† Texas: AM Information on â€Å"The introduction to physical Oceanography† www. es. flinders Retrieved on 28th March 2009: Australia: Flinders university Press. Johnson D. (2005) â€Å"Information that relates to the Ocean World† www. oceanworld. tamu www. whoi. edu Information on â€Å"The Marine Biology† www. springerlink. com Retrieved on 29th march 2009.

Animal Cells: Types and Functions

Animal Cells: Types and Functions I chose to do my research paper on an animal cell because I thought it would be interesting to see how an animal cell works. Animal are very complex when it comes to determining where the cell is found, the function of the cell, and all the organelles names and functions. An animal cell has many contents and thats why its very complex and important. The animal cell contents are cell membrane, Lysosome, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, vacuole, mitochondria, centrosome, cytoplasm, rough er, smooth er, ribosome, and Golgi body. The cell membrane is a thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. This is also called the membrane semipermeable which means allowing some substance passing through the cell and blocking others. The Lysosome is spherical organelles that function as a recycling center and a garbage disposal. Powerful digestive enzymes concentrated in the Lysosome break down worn out organelles and ship their building blocks to the cytoplasm where they are used to construct new organelles. Lysosomes also dismantle and recycle protein, lipids, and molecules. The digestion of a cells nutrients takes place here. A nucleus is a spherical body containing many organelles including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell by controlling protein synthesis and it also contains DNA chromosomes. The nucleus is also surrounded by the nuclear membrane. It is the largest organelle in an animal cell and it contains numerous strands of DNA. Long sections of eukaryotic DNA pack into the nucleus by wrapping the proteins. While the cell begins to divide, each DNA strand folds over itself several times forming a rod shaped chromosome. Another content of the animal cell is the nucleolu s. A nucleolus is an organelle within the nucleus and it is where the ribosomal DNA is produced. Also I believe cells have more than one nucleolus. A nuclear membrane is a membrane that surrounds the nucleus. A vacuole is a fluid filled membrane with surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole is being filled with food that has been digested and wastes that are coming from the cell. The mitochondrion is a spherical rod shaped organelle with two membranes. The inner membrane is infolded many times forming a series of protections called cristae. The mitochondrion converts the energy stored into the glucose in ATP. ATP stands for adenosine triphate. This molecule serves as an energy battery for countless cellular processes, including the shuttling of substances across the plasma membrane, the building and transporting of proteins and lipids, the recycling of molecules and organelles, and the dividing of cells. A centrosome is a small body located near the nucleus and it has a dense center and radiating tubes. The centrosome is where the microtubules are made. During the process of mitosis, the centrosome divided into two parts and the two parts move to opposite sides. The cytoplasm is the jelly like material outside the cell nucleus where the organelles are located. There are two types of ER. The first type is rough ER. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough surface and appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces in sacks called cisternae, which are sent to the Golgi body or inserted into the cell membrane. The smooth ER is a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes located in the cells cytoplasm. The space inside the ER is called the lumen ER. The smooth ER also transports materials through the cell. The next content is the ribosome. The ribosome is a small organelle composed of RNA and rich cytoplasmic granules that are sited of protein synthesis. The last content of the animal cell is the Golgi body. The Golgi body is a flattened, layered sac like organelle that is located near the nucleus. It also produces the membranes that surround the Lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membranes. The overall function of an animal cell is that they are the building blocks of tissues, organs, and whole organisms. The cell also carries around DNA of an animal. The animal cell has no chlorophyll. Also the animal does not have a cell wall because the animal cell has only cell membranes that are made up of phospholipids bilayer and proteins that hold up and protect the cell and the parts of the cell animal cells are also smaller and have no permanent vacuoles. The animal cell has no cellulose and is made up of almost cytoplasm. The eukaryotic cell is a lot larger than the prokaryotic cell. The eukaryotic is different from the paralytic cell because the eukaryotic cell houses a nucleus and numerous other membrane enclosed organelles. These organelles enable specialized functions to be carried out efficiently. The building pf proteins and lipids take place in separate organelles where the specialized enzymes are located. I loved working on this research paper because it got me thinki ng about becoming a biologist. I thought that cells were just something in your body but now I know its more than that. There is a whole other world.

Modern Man - The Unknown Citizen (auden) :: essays research papers

The English-born American writer Wystan Hugh Auden was one of the most important poets of the 20th century. Educated at Oxford, he attracted attention as a prominent member of a group of young leftist writers who generally expressed a socialist viewpoint. The poem I have chosen for this essay is "The Unknown Citizen". I felt the time period reflected W.H. Auden's views, making the unknown citizen an example of the government's view of the perfect modern man in an overrated unrealistic society.In the time period that he wrote this poem in the late 1930's America was going through tremendous changes. This is the period in history in which The Great Depression was in effect. Most people living in the United States values, morals, and ethics were rapidly diminishing. The Great Depression fundamentally changed the relationship between the government and the people, who came to expect and accept a larger federal role in their lives and the economy. Throughout this time period Social Security was created.Back then this poem must have had a different meaning than today, it shows the value government has on issuing Social Security numbers. They make people believe it's for your own benefit when in reality they have the best use of it to track and retrieve information about your personal life. We see government as people we elected to represent our views they see us as a number. "Was he free? Was he happy? The question was absurd: Had anything been wrong we should certainly have heard (Auden 212)".I also felt he was expressing the fact that government makes it seem that everyone else is doing the "right thing" so you must follow him or her, and if you do so living a quality life will reward you. Their standards are so high that you will never reach the optimum point, so you work hard your whole life trying to improve. "His poems and essays present the idea of the good society as, at best, a possibility, never actually achieved, but which one must always work (Mendalson 112)". "Auden's poems speak instead in a voice almost unknown to English poetry science the eighteenth century: the voice of a citizen who knows the obligations of his citizenship (Mendalson 113).

What Ethical Responsibility Does the United States Have to Provide Heal

The subject of illegal immigration coupled with the concern of the growing number of illegal immigrants in the United States has been a long standing national debate. A single finite definition of the term â€Å"illegal immigrant† has proven difficult to specify. For the purposes of this paper, I will use the term â€Å"undocumented immigrant† defined as an individual who has â€Å"entered the United States illegally or violated the terms of their residency status† (Chan, Scott, Krishel, Bramwell, and Clark, 2006). Over the years there has been a growing debate as to whether or not the United States should provide health care services to undocumented immigrants. Those siding against providing health care services for undocumented immigrants deem that those individuals which reside in the United Stated illegally have no right to be in the country; therefore they should not have a rightful claim to health care benefits. Those on the opposing side arguing for the proposition of providing healthcare services to these undocumented individuals consider that access to health care is a basic human right; therefore the United States cannot ethically deny undocumented immigrants health care services. The question at large is what ethical responsibility does the United States have to provide health care to undocumented immigrants, if any? Case Study Human Migration is not uncommon and dates back to the beginning of human existence. Over the years, individuals have migrated for various reasons, most linked to economic, political and natural factors. A number of individuals will depart, or emigrate, from their initial location to another location that promises opportunity or improved economic or social prospects for themselves or... ...earson. Mohanty, S. A., Wollhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., Pati, S., Carrasquillo, O., & Bor, D. H. (2005). Health care expenditures of immigrants in the United States: A nationally representative analysis. In American Journal of Public Health, 95(8), 1431-1438. Okie, S. (2007). Immigrants and health care: at the intersection of two broken systems. In The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(6), 525-529. Retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp078113 Rhodes, J. (2005, August). Mentoring immigrant youth. In Mentor: National Mentoring Partnership. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from http://www.mentoring.org/downloads/mentoring_1318.pdf Wolf, R. (2008, January 22). Rising health care sosts put focus on illegal immigrants. In USA Today. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-01-21-immigrant-healthcare_N.htm What Ethical Responsibility Does the United States Have to Provide Heal The subject of illegal immigration coupled with the concern of the growing number of illegal immigrants in the United States has been a long standing national debate. A single finite definition of the term â€Å"illegal immigrant† has proven difficult to specify. For the purposes of this paper, I will use the term â€Å"undocumented immigrant† defined as an individual who has â€Å"entered the United States illegally or violated the terms of their residency status† (Chan, Scott, Krishel, Bramwell, and Clark, 2006). Over the years there has been a growing debate as to whether or not the United States should provide health care services to undocumented immigrants. Those siding against providing health care services for undocumented immigrants deem that those individuals which reside in the United Stated illegally have no right to be in the country; therefore they should not have a rightful claim to health care benefits. Those on the opposing side arguing for the proposition of providing healthcare services to these undocumented individuals consider that access to health care is a basic human right; therefore the United States cannot ethically deny undocumented immigrants health care services. The question at large is what ethical responsibility does the United States have to provide health care to undocumented immigrants, if any? Case Study Human Migration is not uncommon and dates back to the beginning of human existence. Over the years, individuals have migrated for various reasons, most linked to economic, political and natural factors. A number of individuals will depart, or emigrate, from their initial location to another location that promises opportunity or improved economic or social prospects for themselves or... ...earson. Mohanty, S. A., Wollhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., Pati, S., Carrasquillo, O., & Bor, D. H. (2005). Health care expenditures of immigrants in the United States: A nationally representative analysis. In American Journal of Public Health, 95(8), 1431-1438. Okie, S. (2007). Immigrants and health care: at the intersection of two broken systems. In The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(6), 525-529. Retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp078113 Rhodes, J. (2005, August). Mentoring immigrant youth. In Mentor: National Mentoring Partnership. Retrieved March 2, 2012, from http://www.mentoring.org/downloads/mentoring_1318.pdf Wolf, R. (2008, January 22). Rising health care sosts put focus on illegal immigrants. In USA Today. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-01-21-immigrant-healthcare_N.htm

Analysis of Cloud Computing Architectures

Laptops, PDA, and Smoothness's). Computational power and battery life s one of the major issues of these mobile devices. To overcome these problems clones of mobile devices are created on cloud servers. In this paper, we define clone cloud architecture and brutalized screen architecture in cloud computing. Clone Cloud is for the seamless use of ambient computation to augment mobile device applications, making them fast and energy efficient and in a Brutalized Screen; screen rendering is done in the cloud and delivered as images to the client for interactive display.This enables thin-client mobile devices to enjoy many computationally intensive and graphically rich services. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Service Models, Clone Cloud, Brutalized Screen l. Introduction Cloud Computing has been one of the most booming technology among the professional of Information Technology and also the Business due to its Elasticity in the space occupation and also the better support for the software and the Infrastructure it attracts more technology specialist towards it.Cloud plays the vital role in the Smart Economy, and the possible regulatory changes required in implementing better Applications by using the potential of Cloud The main advantage of the cloud is that it gives the low cost implementation for infrastructure and some higher business units like Google, MM, and Microsoft offer the cloud for Free of cost for the Education system, so it can be used in right way which will provide high quality education [3]. A.Cloud Computing Service Models Cloud computing can be classified by the model of service it offers into one of three different groups. These will be described using the AAAS taxonomy, first used by Scott Maxwell in 2006, where â€Å"X† is Software, Platform, or Infrastructure, and the final â€Å"S† is for Service. It is important to note, as shown in Figure, that AAAS is built on Pass, and the latter on alas. Hence, this is not an excluding approach to classification, but rather it concerns the level of the service provided.Each of these service models is described in the following subsection. [pick] Fig. 1 Cloud computing Architecture 1) alas (Infrastructure as a Service): The capability provided to the customer of alas is raw storage space, computing, or network resources with which the customer can run and execute an operating system, applications, or any software that they choose. The most basic cloud service is alas [7]. In this service, cloud providers offer computers as physical or as virtual machines and other resources. Pass (Platform as a Service): In the case of Pass, the cloud provider not only provides the hardware, but they also provide a toolkit and a number of supported programming languages to build higher level services. The users of Pass are typically software developers who host their applications on the platform and provide these applications to the end-users. In this service, cloud providers deliver a com puting platform including operating system, programming languages execution environment, database and web servers. ) AAAS (Software as a Service): The AAAS customer is an end-user of complete applications running on a cloud infrastructure and offered on a platform on-demand. The applications are typically accessible through a thin client interface, such as a web browser. In this service, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. This service is based on the concept of renting software from a service provider rather than buying it.It is currently the most popular type of cloud computing because of its high flexibility, great services, enhanced capability and less maintenance. B. Deployment Models Clouds can also be classified based upon the underlying infrastructure deployment del as Public, Private, Community, or Hybrid clouds. The different infrastructure deployment models are distinguishing by thei r architecture, the location of the data center where the cloud is realized, and the needs of the cloud provider's customers [4]. Several technologies are related to cloud computing, and the cloud has emerged as a convergence of several computing trends. ) Types of Cloud Computing Environments: The cloud computing environment can consist of multiple types of clouds based on their deployment and usage [6]. Public Clouds This environment can be used by the general public. This includes individuals, corporations and other types of organizations. Typically, public clouds are administrated by third parties or vendors over the Internet, and services are offered on pay-per-use basis. These are also called provider clouds. Private Clouds A pure private cloud is built for the exclusive use of one customer, who owns and fully controls this cloud.Additionally, there are variations of this in terms of ownership, operation, etc. The fact that the cloud is used by a specific customer is the disti nguishing feature of any private cloud. This cloud computing environment sides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organization's benefits. These are also called internal clouds. Community Clouds When several customers have similar requirements, they can share an infrastructure and might share the configuration and management of the cloud.Hybrid Clouds Finally, any composition of clouds, be they private or public, could form a hybrid cloud and be managed a single entity, provided that there is sufficient commonality between the standards used by the constituent clouds. II. AUGMENTED EXECUTION OF SMART PHONES USING CLONE CLOUDS B Chunk,[10] introduce the concept of clone cloud. The idea of introducing this concept is to improving the performance of hardware limited smart phones by using their proposed clone cloud architecture.The core method is using virtual machine migration technology to offload execution blocks of applications from mobile devic es to Clone Cloud. Clone Cloud boosts unmodified mobile applications by off-loading the right portion of their execution onto device clones operating in a computational cloud. Conceptually, our system automatically transforms a single-machine execution (e. G. , computation on a smart phone) into a distributed execution optimized for the outwork connection to the cloud, the processing capabilities of the device and cloud, and the application's computing patterns.The underlying motivation for Clone Cloud lies in the following intuition: as long as execution on the clone cloud is significantly faster than execution on the mobile device (or more reliable, more secure, etc. ), paying the cost for sending the relevant data and code from the device to the cloud and back may be worth it [9]. Ill. CLONE CLOUD ARCHITECTURE The design goal for Clone Cloud is to allow such fine-grained flexibility on what to run where. Another design goal is to take the programmer out of the business of applica tion partitioning [10].In a Clone Cloud system, the ‘Clone' is a mirror image of a Semaphore running on a virtual machine. By contrast with smart phones, such a ‘clone' has more hardware, software, network, energy resources in a virtual machine which provides more suitable environment to process complicated tasks. In the diagram, a task in smart phone is divided into 5 different execution blocks (we mark them as different colors), and the smart phone is cloned (brutalized) as an image in distributed computing environment. Then the image passes some computing or energy-intensive blocks (the Green blocks) to cloud for processing.Once those execution blocks have been completed, the output will be passed from Clone Cloud to the Semaphore [11]. [pick] Fig. 2 Clone Cloud Architecture A major advantage of the Clone Cloud is enhanced smart phones performance. Bung takes a test by implementing a face tracking application in a smart phone with and without Clone Cloud. The result s hows that only 1 second is spent in Clone Cloud environment but almost 100 seconds in the smart phone without Clone Cloud. Another advantage of Clone Cloud is reduced battery consumption as smart phones o not use its CPU as frequently.The disadvantages of Clone Cloud are handover delay, bandwidth limitation. As we know that the speed of data transmission between smart phones and base station is not consistent (according to the situation), therefore, the Clone Cloud will be unavailable if mobile users walk in the signal's blind zone. A. Evaluation of Applications To evaluate the Clone Cloud Prototype, Bung-Goon Chunk [10] implemented three applications. We ran those applications either on a phone?a status quo, monolithic execution?or by optimally partitioning for two settings: one with Wi-If connectivity and one with 36.We implemented a virus scanner, image search, and privacy- preserving targeted advertising. The virus scanner scans the contents of the phone file system against a li brary of 1000 virus signatures, one file at a time. We vary the size of the file system between KBPS and 10 MBA. The image search application finds all faces in images stored on the phone, using a face-detection library that returns the mid-point between the eyes, the distance in between, and the pose of detected faces.We only use images smaller than KBPS, due to memory limitations of the Android face-detection library. We vary the number of images from 1 to 100. The privacy-preserving targeted- advertising application uses behavioral tracking across websites to infer the user's preferences, and selects ads according to a resulting model; by doing this tracking at the user's device, privacy can be protected. 1) Time Save Fig. 3 Mean execution times of virus scanning (VS.), image search (IS), and behavior profiling (BP) applications with standard deviation error bars, three input sizes for each.For each application and input size, the data shown include execution time at the phone al one, that of Clone Cloud with Wi-If (C-Wi-If), and that of Clone Cloud tit 36 (C-G). The partition choice is annotated with M for â€Å"monolithic† and O for â€Å"off-loaded,† also indicating the relative improvement from the phone alone execution 2) Energy Save Fig. 4 Mean phone energy consumption of virus scanning (VS.), image search (IS), and behavior profiling (BP) applications with standard deviation error bars, three input sizes for each.For each application and input size, the data shown include execution time at the phone alone, that of Clone Cloud with Wi-If (C-Wi-If), and that of Clone Cloud with 36 (C-G). The partition choice is annotated with M for â€Å"monolithic† and O for â€Å"off-loaded,† also indicating relative improvement over phone only execution. Fig. 3 and 4 shows execution times and phone energy consumption for the three applications, respectively. All measurements are the average of five runs. Each graph shows Phone, Clone Cloud with Wi-If (C-Wi-If), and Clone Cloud with 36 (C-G).C- Wi-If and C-G results are annotated with the relative improvement and the partitioning choice, whether the optimal partition was to run monolithically on the phone (M) or to off-load to the cloud (O). In the experiments, Wi-If had latency of moms and bandwidth of 6. Mbps, and 36 had latency of mass, and bandwidth of 0. Mbps. Clone Cloud chooses to keep local the smallest workloads from each application, deciding to off-load 6 out of 9 experiments with Wi-If. With 36, out of all 9 experiments, Clone Cloud chose to off-load 5 experiments.For off-loaded cases, each application chooses to offload the function that performs core computation from its worker thread: scanning files for virus signature matching for VS., performing image processing for IS, and computing similarities for BP. C Wi-If exhibits significant speed-ups and energy savings: xx, xx, and lox speed-up, and xx, xx, and xx less energy for the largest workload of each of the three applications, with a completely automatic modification of the application binary without programmer input.A clear trend is that larger workloads benefit from off-loading more: this is due to amortization of the migration cost over a larger computation at the clone that receives a significant speedup. A secondary trend is that energy consumption mostly follows execution time: unless the phone switches to a deep sleep state while the application is off-loaded at the clone, its energy expenditure is proportional to how long it is waiting for a response. When the user runs a single application at a time, deeper sleep of the phone may further increase observed energy savings.We note that one exception is C-G, where although execution time decreases, energy consumption increases slightly for behavior profiling with depth 4. We believe this is due to our coarse energy cost model, and only occurs for close decisions. C-G also exhibits xx, xx, and xx speed-up, and xx, xx, and xx less energy for the largest workload of each of the three applications. Lower gains can be explained given the overhead differences between Wi-If and 36 networks. As a result, whereas gyration costs about 15-25 seconds with Wi-If, it shoots up to 40-50 seconds with 36, due to the greater latency and lower bandwidth.In both cases, migration costs include a network-unspecific thread-merge cost? patching up references in the running address space from the migrated thread?and the network-specific transmission of the thread state. The former dominates the latter for Wife, but is dominated by the latter for 36. Our current implementation uses the DEFLATE compression algorithm to reduce the amount of data to send; we expect off-loading benefits to improve with other optimizations targeting the network overheads (in reticular, 36 network overheads) such as redundant transmission elimination.B. Problem in Clone Cloud The disadvantages of Clone Cloud are [1 1] handover delay, bandwidth limit ation. As we know that the speed of data transmission between Semaphore and base station is not consistent (according to the situation), therefore, the Clone Cloud will be unavailable if mobile users walk in the signal's blind zone. Offloading all applications from Semaphore to the cloud cannot be Justified for power consumption, especially for some lightweight applications which are suitable to be deployed in local smart phones. V.BRUTALIZED SCREEN Screen rendering [1 3] can also be moved to the cloud and the rendered screen can be delivered as part of the cloud services. In general, the screen represents the whole or part of the display images. In a broad sense, it also represents a collection of data involved in user interfaces such as display images, audio data, mouse, keyboard, pen and touch inputs, and other multiplicity inputs and outputs. Screen fertilization and screen rendering in the cloud doesn't always mean putting the entire screen-rendering task in the cloud.Depending on the actual situations?such s local processing power, bandwidth and delay of the network, data dependency and data traffic, and display resolution?screen rendering can be partially done in the cloud and partially done at the clients. A. Screen Fertilization Fig. 5 The Conceptual diagram of the cloud client computing architecture. Rendering a screen in the cloud also introduces obstacles for the client devices to access the virtual screen, if it needs to maintain high-fidelity display images and responsive user interactions.Fortunately, we have already developed a number of advanced multimedia and networking technologies to address these issues. Ultimately, we would like to define a common cloud API for cloud computing with scalable screen fertilization, with which the developers never have to care where the data storage, program execution, and screen rendering actually occur because the cloud services for the API will adaptively and optimally distribute the storage, execution, an d rending among the cloud and the clients. B.Remote Computing With Brutalized Screen The cloud-computing conceptual architecture depicted in Fig 5, we have developed a thin-client, remote-computing system that leverages interactive screen-removing cosmologies. Thin-client, remote-computing systems are expected to provide high- fidelity displays and responsive interactions to end users as if they were using local machines. However, the complicated graphical interfaces and multimedia applications usually present technical challenges to thin-client developers for achieving efficient transmissions with relatively low bandwidth links.Figure depicts the proposed thin-client, remote-computing Fig. 6 The interactive screen removing system System, which decouples the application logic (remote) and the user interface local) for clients to use remote servers deployed as virtual machines in the cloud. The servers and the clients communicate with each other over a network through an interactive screen-removing mechanism. The clients send user inputs to the remote servers, and the servers return screen updates to the clients as a response.

Product Life Cycle- 4p’s vs 4c’s

Why do 4ps now being changed to 4cs? Marketing always was known with the Marketing mix or 4Ps which are: * Product  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It includes your entire product or service related activities. Like product design, product  development, variety, quality and branding etc. * Price  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ You have to set the price of the products for customers considering discounts and credit – debit policy. * Place  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It includes activities related with the distribution of your product or services like your various  distribution channels  and inventory etc. Promotion  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It includes  promotion  related activities that advertising, personal selling and public relations etc. But since the traditional outbound marketing is shifting to inbound marketing with the increase of social media the 4Ps are turning or shifting to the 4Cs. Consumer – It is about the Consumer and not really the product anymore. A product should be innovative to meet various needs within a sin gle product. We don't sell products or services but we sell solutions to certain problems/needs our customers have. As such, it is of the utmost importance to know how much the customer values your solution.Cost – Cost to match the consumers needs. Price is merely an aspect of this C. Additional factors could be the cost of coming to the store, and possibly even a cost of conscience. Convenience – Convenience of place to buy like on the internet. The question is not where to place your store, but â€Å"how† your different customer-types would like to buy. This could be a physical store in the street, but it could be an e-shop too. Moreover, within this choice of Place, there are different factors such as: is the buying process easy and straightforward enough? Which process appeals to your audience?Communication – Communication to engage the customer and build relationships rather than pushing a message. The latter sounded a bit like one way traffic, while the emphasis these days is clearly on interaction. I mean, look at the success of social media in the communication strategy! Reasons to change to 4cs: * The 4 C's can be considered an evolution of the 4 P's. Everyone who ever had a marketing training got in contact with the 4 P's, but I strongly believe that today, working with the 4 P's can actually be a risk for your company because they are too product-oriented. This risk is that because companies are often too product-oriented, they miss out on certain opportunities. The mission of your company is not selling product X or delivering service Y, but providing a solution to a problem that your potential customers are facing. By changing towards a better customer-orientation, it will be easier to adapt to certain changes in your market. How to implement strategies using the product life cycle? Introduction Stage * During the introduction stage, a product is new and unknown to consumers.It is necessary, therefore, to use an active strategy in an attempt to win over new customers. * Although there is usually little competition during this stage, the market is not fully developed. * A marketing strategy needs to not only make consumers aware of the product, but also convince them that it fulfils a need for them. * Revenues are typically low or negative during this stage, so firms need to be prepared to spend money on their marketing strategy now for future gains. Growth Stage * During the growth stage of the product life cycle, products become better known to the public. Consequently, it is not necessary to expend as much effort and resources on developing product awareness. * Firms also benefit, during this stage, from increased production levels, which results in economies of scale. * During this stage, however, competition typically increases, making price competition an important component of a marketing strategy. * At this stage, most firms will use the strategy of reducing prices to remain competitive, wh ile retaining their profit margins by reducing advertising spending and benefiting from more fficient production. Maturity Stage * The maturity stage of the product life cycle occurs when the market becomes saturated. * At this point, production costs are further reduced through economies of scale and experience, but competition leads to a significant reduction in profits throughout the industry. * There are two strategies typically employed in order to maintain profitability during the maturity stage; firms can either differentiate their brand through marketing or introduce new features to the existing product.Decline Stage * At the decline stage, sales either decrease or stabilize. * If demand decreases, this will, typically, result in significantly lower price margins, often making it impossible to make profits from the product. * At this point, firms that cannot make profits will usually discontinue their product and focus their efforts on other offerings. * Firms that can produ ce the product at a profit will normally market them as a commodity, spending little on marketing and pulling in small profits on slight margins. Product Life Cycle- 4p’s vs 4c’s Why do 4ps now being changed to 4cs? Marketing always was known with the Marketing mix or 4Ps which are: * Product  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It includes your entire product or service related activities. Like product design, product  development, variety, quality and branding etc. * Price  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ You have to set the price of the products for customers considering discounts and credit – debit policy. * Place  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It includes activities related with the distribution of your product or services like your various  distribution channels  and inventory etc. Promotion  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It includes  promotion  related activities that advertising, personal selling and public relations etc. But since the traditional outbound marketing is shifting to inbound marketing with the increase of social media the 4Ps are turning or shifting to the 4Cs. Consumer – It is about the Consumer and not really the product anymore. A product should be innovative to meet various needs within a sin gle product. We don't sell products or services but we sell solutions to certain problems/needs our customers have. As such, it is of the utmost importance to know how much the customer values your solution.Cost – Cost to match the consumers needs. Price is merely an aspect of this C. Additional factors could be the cost of coming to the store, and possibly even a cost of conscience. Convenience – Convenience of place to buy like on the internet. The question is not where to place your store, but â€Å"how† your different customer-types would like to buy. This could be a physical store in the street, but it could be an e-shop too. Moreover, within this choice of Place, there are different factors such as: is the buying process easy and straightforward enough? Which process appeals to your audience?Communication – Communication to engage the customer and build relationships rather than pushing a message. The latter sounded a bit like one way traffic, while the emphasis these days is clearly on interaction. I mean, look at the success of social media in the communication strategy! Reasons to change to 4cs: * The 4 C's can be considered an evolution of the 4 P's. Everyone who ever had a marketing training got in contact with the 4 P's, but I strongly believe that today, working with the 4 P's can actually be a risk for your company because they are too product-oriented. This risk is that because companies are often too product-oriented, they miss out on certain opportunities. The mission of your company is not selling product X or delivering service Y, but providing a solution to a problem that your potential customers are facing. By changing towards a better customer-orientation, it will be easier to adapt to certain changes in your market. How to implement strategies using the product life cycle? Introduction Stage * During the introduction stage, a product is new and unknown to consumers.It is necessary, therefore, to use an active strategy in an attempt to win over new customers. * Although there is usually little competition during this stage, the market is not fully developed. * A marketing strategy needs to not only make consumers aware of the product, but also convince them that it fulfils a need for them. * Revenues are typically low or negative during this stage, so firms need to be prepared to spend money on their marketing strategy now for future gains. Growth Stage * During the growth stage of the product life cycle, products become better known to the public. Consequently, it is not necessary to expend as much effort and resources on developing product awareness. * Firms also benefit, during this stage, from increased production levels, which results in economies of scale. * During this stage, however, competition typically increases, making price competition an important component of a marketing strategy. * At this stage, most firms will use the strategy of reducing prices to remain competitive, wh ile retaining their profit margins by reducing advertising spending and benefiting from more fficient production. Maturity Stage * The maturity stage of the product life cycle occurs when the market becomes saturated. * At this point, production costs are further reduced through economies of scale and experience, but competition leads to a significant reduction in profits throughout the industry. * There are two strategies typically employed in order to maintain profitability during the maturity stage; firms can either differentiate their brand through marketing or introduce new features to the existing product.Decline Stage * At the decline stage, sales either decrease or stabilize. * If demand decreases, this will, typically, result in significantly lower price margins, often making it impossible to make profits from the product. * At this point, firms that cannot make profits will usually discontinue their product and focus their efforts on other offerings. * Firms that can produ ce the product at a profit will normally market them as a commodity, spending little on marketing and pulling in small profits on slight margins.

Epidemiology Of Suicidal Behavior Health And Social Care Essay

The rate of posttraumatic emphasis upset in adolescence is higher than the rate of PTSD in maturity. PTSD is significantly associated with an increased hazard for self-destructive behaviour among striplings. Suicide is one of the top three causes of adolescent deceases worldwide. In the United States suicide rates among young persons are much higher than rates for the general population. Despite the strong relationship between PTSD and self-destructive behaviour, precise causal tracts associating PTSD to suicide in striplings remains ill-defined. A batch of other interceding factors and variables normally present themselves with both self-destruction and PTSD, including co-morbid psychiatric upsets, exposure to different signifiers of injury and nerve-racking life events, household history of self-destruction, core neurobiological alterations, and mental, emotional, and physiological provinces like hyperarousal, impulsivity, and aggression. Because young person is such a critical pha se of development, it is really of import that at-risk striplings are identified and referred for intervention. However, with many intervention challenges in these populations, effectual execution and usage of bar methods are of increasing importance. This reappraisal will foreground and critically analyse some of the most proved bar methods, including physician instruction, means limitation, and gatekeeper preparation, every bit good as others like public instruction runs and guidelines for the media, including those for telecasting, print media, and the Internet.Introduction: Epidemiology of Suicidal Behavior and PTSD in Adolescents and the Need for Prevention MethodsA 2010 study, utilizing the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement, found the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in 10,123 striplings aged 13-18 to be 5 % ( and 7 % for those aged 17-18 [ 1 ] ) . A 1999 literature reappraisal found this figure ranged from 6.3-8.1 % for striplings, compared with grownup populations which exhibited figures every bit low as 0.8-1.2 % [ 2 ] . Post traumatic emphasis upset is significantly associated with an increased hazard for self-destructive behaviour [ 3, 4 ] , though this association has been much less researched than the relationship between self-destruction and other upsets known to be risk factors, like major depression and substance-use upsets [ 5 ] . One survey found that among striplings and immature grownups, aged 14-24, who made past self-destruction efforts, PTSD corresponded with a higher hazard for self-destruction efforts than any other psychiatric unwellness [ 6 ] . Adolescents are at a peculiarly high hazard for sing traumatic events [ 7 ] and developing PTSD as a consequence of these experiences [ 8 ] . This is particularly unreassuring because young person is a critical phase of development, and holding PTSD can impede ripening and individuality formation and lead to life-long shortages with necessary mental and emotional accomplishments [ 2 ] . Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( WHO [ 9 ] ) , self-destruction is one of the top 3 causes of decease among those aged 10-24 old ages old. About 4 million striplings attempt suicide every twelvemonth and more than 100,000 of triers successfully take their ain life, ensuing in one young person self-destruction every 5 proceedingss around the universe [ 10 ] . Annually, self-destructions are responsible for 1.6 % of all deceases in the U.S. , but 15.6 % of deceases among those aged 15-24 [ 11 ] . Judging by the fact that self-destruction is highly hard to foretell in the clinical scene [ 12 ] , concentrating a great trade of attempt on forestalling self-destructive behaviour utilizing other methods is of the extreme importance. The intent of this reappraisal is to discourse and critically analyze bar methods for self-destructive behaviour in striplings with PTSD.The relationship between PTSD and self-destructive behaviour in striplingsMore than 90 % of young person self-d estruction victims have at least one diagnosable psychiatric upset at the clip of decease [ 13 ] . 75 % of those with PTSD have other mental wellness jobs [ 14 ] . Co-morbidity of PTSD with other psychiatric conditions ( including temper upsets, substance-use upsets, and psychosis ) is associated with an increased self-destruction hazard and higher rates of self-destructive behaviour [ 5 ] . Depression is the most prevailing upset among young persons who have taken their ain lives [ 13, 15 ] . Take together, this might take one to see a few of the ( many ) possibilities of causal interaction between PTSD and self-destructive behaviour ; certain PTSD symptoms cause depression, which in bend leads to suicidal behaviour, or even that specific properties or symptoms common to all or some of the upsets mentioned above independently predict self-destructive behaviour [ 5 ] . However, with so many variables and hazard factors to take into history, the causal concatenation of events associa ting PTSD and self-destruction remains ill-defined. As a figure of surveies have pointed out, while about all self-destruction victims have at least one psychiatric upsets, most patients who have merely one or more psychiatric upsets ( without any other hazard factors ) do non really perpetrate suicide [ 16 ] . Thus, in mapping out possible avenues of causality between PTSD and self-destruction, all other hazard factors for self-destruction that might play a function must be taken into history. There is some grounds that PTSD can be an independent hazard factor for suicide [ 17, 18 ] . For illustration, a cohort survey of 1,698 immature grownups who grew up in Baltimore revealed a significantly increased hazard of self-destruction efforts for those who had PTSD compared to those without the upset and those who experienced a traumatic event without developing the unwellness ; and this increased hazard remained unchanged even after seting for some other noteworthy hazard factors, like depression and sex [ 17 ] . Research conducted by Mazza on 106 striplings in classs 9-12 revealed that PTSD symptomology was significantly related to an increased hazard of self-destructive ideation after seting for depression and gender [ 18 ] . Unfortunately, these surveies fail to command for a sufficient sum of associated hazard factors, like childhood sexual maltreatment, in order to govern out the effects of confusing variables that were n't statistically analyzed in these surveies. It is besides possible that injury and nerve-racking experiences can take to suicidality without a mediating PTSD diagnosing. Traumatic and nerve-racking events, such as exposure to terrorist act and physical and sexual maltreatment have all been found to be risk factors for PTSD, self-destruction, or other self-destructive behaviours [ 19, 20, 21 ] . However, the Baltimore young person survey listed above [ 17 ] found that merely PTSD, and non traumatic experiences, independently predicted self-destruction efforts. Besides of of import note in this survey was the determination that PTSD caused by injury that involves attacking force was significantly associated with self-destruction efforts, whereas PTSD caused by injury that did n't affect attacking force was non significantly related to suicide efforts. This determination may propose a differential association between self-destructive behaviour and the type of injury experienced. One manner of measuring the association between self-destruction and PTSD is to concentrate on some of the specific symptoms of PTSD that might be risk factors for self-destruction. One survey found that increased degrees of ill will, depression, and rousings were related to higher self-destruction hazard [ 22 ] . Hostility and increased rousing autumn within the hyperarousal bunch of PTSD symptoms. However, degrees of turning away ( avoidance bunch ) were negatively correlated with self-destruction hazard, taking the writers to speculate that turning away may function to decrease the opportunities of self-destruction ( 79 ) . In a longitudinal survey, Sourander and co-workers looked at a group of 580 striplings and found that those who exhibited aggressive behaviours ( which fall into the hyperarousal bunch ) at age 8 were significantly more likely to demo self-destructive behaviours ( specifically, suicide efforts and self-destructive thought ) 8 old ages subsequently, at age 16 [ 23 ] . Impulsivity has besides been documented to hold strong ties to both PTSD and self-destructive behaviour. For illustration, Kotler and co-workers found a positive association between impulsivity and hazard of self-destruction in patients with PTSD, as compared with matched controls, who showed no association between these two factors [ 24 ] . Given the fact that the bulk of self-destructive crises are ephemeral, unplanned, and associated with ambivalent feelings of whether to populate or to decease [ 25 ] , impulsivity seems to be an particularly strong nexus between PTSD and self-destruction. The re-experiencing symptom bunch has besides been positively associated with PTSD and suicide [ 26 ] . With respects to the efficaciousness of different get bying schemes, Amir et al documented that in PTSD patients, psychological get bying mechanisms like minimisation, function, and replacing were associated with lower hazard of self-destruction, and that suppression was associated with an increased hazard of suicide [ 27 ] . Other hazard factors for suicide include gender, a household history of self-destruction, and past self-destruction efforts. Men successfully complete suicide more frequently and be given to utilize highly-lethal agencies, as compared with females who attempt more self-destructions utilizing low-lethality processs [ 20 ] . A household history of self-destruction and old self-destruction efforts are two of the most important hazard factors for suicide [ 28 ] . A household history of self-destruction may increase the opportunity of developing PTSD [ 29 ] and old self-destruction efforts are potentially traumatising experiences in and of themselves. Having a household history of self-destruction or holding a history of self-destruction efforts can besides potentially lead to contagion-like effects. Contagious disease, a phenomenon by which interpersonal contact with self-destructive persons consequences in the spread of self-destructive behaviours ( with self-destruction methods frequently being mimicked or imitated ) , sometimes throughout full communities, is more common among youth than among those in other age groups [ 29, 13 ] . A particular type of contagious disease called the Werther consequence refers to copycat self-destructions spurred on by media coverage of people taking their ain lives. Media induced contagious disease effects will be discussed in item subsequently on. In footings of neurobiological underpinnings, injury, PTSD, and self-destruction are all associated with hyperactivity of the HPA axis [ 16, 29, 30 ] . Hyperactivity of the HPA axis is linked to traumatic experiences, like physical and sexual maltreatment, which can take to PTSD and depression [ 16 ] , which every bit mentioned, are all hazard factors for suicidality. Following injury and PTSD, dysregulation and overactivity of the HPA axis over long periods of clip can do terrible shortages in the emphasis response, and in consequence, render a individual overly-reactionary and sensitive to subsequent environmental stressors and unable to adequately suppress these fear-based reactions. This mechanism is normally referred to as sensitisation. Heightened activity in the amygdaloid nucleus and the corresponding increased emotional reactivity aid lend to sensitization [ 30 ] . PTSD is significantly associated with reduced hippocampal volume, enhanced feedback control of the HPA axis via hippocampal dysregulation [ 29 ] , neural decease or wasting, and damage of neurogenesis in this encephalon part [ 30 ] . Take together, this can take individuals with PTSD to over-generalize fear responses associated with their traumatic experiences to fresh environments or people and exhibit hypervigilance and nerve-racking reactions in even the safest of state of affairss [ 29 ] . These shortages cause symptoms related to both PTSD and suicide, such as weakness, aggression, negative outlooks, low-self regard, and self-destructiveness [ 16, 29 ] . Furthermore, impulsivity in PTSD and self-destruction is linked to shortages in the ability to suppress straitening or self-destructive emotions [ 6 ] which are associated with shortages in executive operation, every bit good as seratonergic and prefrontal cerebral mantle abnormalcies ( particularly the ventromedial prefrontal parts ) [ 16, 31 ] . Finally, it may be the instance that PTSD, self-destruction, and other associated conditio ns all portion a similar familial, epigenetic, and/or neurobiological sensitivity [ 16, 29, 30 ] .Prevention of self-destruction in striplings with PTSD:There has been a good trade of research conducted on suicide bar for the general population and besides some covering with suicide bar in adolescent populations, but none looking into bar methods tailored to suicidal striplings with PTSD. There are two general options when it comes to suicide bar: decreasing hazard factors for self-destruction or instance determination, which refers to looking for and placing at hazard individuals for referral and intervention [ 3 ] .A literature reappraisal by Mann found that the three most effectual bar techniques have proven to be means limitation, instruction of primary attention doctors, and gatekeeper preparation [ 33 ] .Meanss RestrictionMeans limitation refers to any steps taken to diminish entree to or handiness of self-destruction means [ 24 ] . Suicide triers tend to utilize specific, favorite methods, and when they are unable to achieve the agencies for these favored methods, they are less likely to do a suicide effort [ 34 ] . The chief justification for implementing agencies limitation steps is that the bulk of self-destructive crises and feelings of desiring to kill oneself are brief and transient, unplanned or unprompted, and frequently accompanied by assorted feelings of whether to populate or to decease [ 24 ] . Therefore, with more deadly means unavailable or unaccessible during this short window of chance, the self-destructive individual will either non travel through with the effort or usage less deadly agencies [ 24 ] . Given the grounds highlighted above, that impulsivity may function as a strong nexus between PTSD and self-destruction, means limitation seems as if it might be merely as effectual if a self-destructive crisis is spurred on by PTSD-related impulsivity or other PTSD symptoms associated with self-destruction mentioned above. Harmonizing to the CDC, the top three methods used by immature people in self-destructions are pieces ( 45 % ) , asphyxiation ( 40 % ) , and toxic condition ( 8 % [ 35 ] ) . One survey found that across the United States, suicide rates are higher for people populating in locations where there are more guns in places and that this association is most outstanding for striplings aged 5-19 [ 36 ] . In support of agencies limitation, surveies systematically show that go throughing piece control Torahs lead to decreases in suicide rates [ 37, 38 ] . For illustration, the passing of gun control statute law in 1976 in the District of Columbia led to a 23 % decrease in firearm-related self-destructions [ 37 ] . Similarly, gun control Torahs in South Australia led to important lessenings in self-destructions utilizing pieces, in comparing with other Australian provinces without similar gun Torahs in topographic point ( where there was an addition self-destruction rates [ 38 ] ) . For self-dest ructive striplings with PTSD, one potentially good hereafter avenue for research might be to concentrate on calculating out if PTSD caused by certain types of trauma lead to utilizing specific self-destruction means more frequently than others. For illustration, it seems sensible to believe that those that who experience gun-related injury might be less likely to take pieces as their agencies because they will likely seek to avoid any reminder of the injury at the hazard of triping reliving symptoms. The consequences of one survey already discussed above, which found that turning away behaviours were negatively correlated with self-destruction hazard [ 22 ] might supply some support for this hypothesis.Physician Education and Training:One of the most promising bar methods of self-destruction in striplings is to educate and develop primary attention doctors to better screen, place, and dainty patients with psychiatric upsets, every bit good as to mention such patients to mental welln ess attention professionals [ 33 ] . However, an inordinate sum of doctors fail to place and efficaciously give support and intervention to patients with self-destructive dispositions and associated psychiatric upsets, like depression [ 15 ] . This failure to acknowledge depression and other hazard factors related to suicide may be a major ground why most self-destruction victims go untreated before taking their ain lives [ 33 ] . Physician instruction may be of peculiar importance in kids and young person because it is frequently the instance that doctors are a young person ‘s lone beginning of mental wellness attention service [ 39 ] . The bar of self-destruction in the primary attention puting can potentially be an highly effectual method because about 75 % of all victims have contact with a doctor within a twelvemonth of self-destruction and about half of all victims have contact with a doctor within a month of taking their ain lives [ 40 ] . In one survey based in Austral ia, primary attention doctors took portion in a preparation workshop that was intended to assist them to break identify and efficaciously react to immature people at hazard for self-destruction. Despite the fact that the workshop merely lasted for one twenty-four hours, designation of self-destructive patients increased by 130 % [ 41 ] . Other surveies besides show that this bar method leads to decreases in self-destruction rates and increases in rates of placing those at an increased hazard for suicide [ 42, 43 ] . Doctors should test all striplings to measure get bying accomplishments and any ideas or behaviours, yesteryear and nowadays, which are associated with self-destructive behaviours [ 44 ] . With respects to our population of survey, doctors should besides be adept in testing for, identifying, and triaging striplings with PTSD ( and other upsets related to increased hazard of self-destruction ) . The Society for General Internal Medicine enlisted the aid of the American Association of Medicine and Psychiatry, the American Psychiatric Association, The American College of Physicians, and the American Academy of Physician in order to supply doctors with literature and guidelines to efficaciously name and handle psychiatric upsets normally observed in primary attention [ 45 ] . Furthermore, doctors might besides desire to measure which type of injury led to PTSD for different persons so as to understand turning away forms and to acquire a appreciation on which suicide methods might be most favourable for each person. Taking showing and assessment consequences into history, the clinician can besides function to organize a support system for the young person patients by opening lines of communicating with parents and other grownups and possible gatekeepers in the local community, including instructors, activity spouses, etc. [ 46 ] . In general, by organizing respectful, encouraging, and most significantly, understanding relationships with adolescent patients, primary attention doctors can open a much needed line of support for striplings in times of crisis or hurt [ 46 ] , which would be particularly utile for those self-destructive young person with co-morbid or peculiarly distressful upsets, like PTSD and depression. Screening instruments, which may concentrate on hazard factors for self-destruction or suicide entirely [ 33 ] , are valuable tools that doctors should use. These instruments faithfully lead to accurate acknowledgment of and significantly higher sensing rates of at-risk young person populations [ 47, 48 ] .Mental Health Care:Of all of the many assortments of therapies that are typically utilised in efforts to handle self-destructive people, dialectical behavioural therapy is the lone 1 that has continuously proven to be effectual in decreasing self-destructive behaviour in the grownup population [ 20 ] . Unfortunately, none of the research found on this subject has focused any attending specifically on self-destructive behaviour in striplings with PTSD. With specific respects to get bying schemes, clinicians should learn and promote PTSD patients to utilize get bying schemes associated with lower hazard of self-destruction in PTSD patients, like replacing, function, and minimisation, and to avoid those associated with higher hazard of self-destruction in PTSD patients, like suppression [ 25 ] . Harmonizing to Sher and Ganz, a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutics is likely to be the best intervention option for mental wellness professionals to give to striplings with PTSD [ 29 ] .Gatekeeper Training:Gatekeeper preparation refers to educating and developing grownup community members who communicate and interact with adolescent populations on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing to acknowledge young person at hazard for self-destruction, assess their degree of hazard, and mention them to mental wellness professionals for intervention when necessary [ 33 ] . Gatekeepers can include those working in institutional scenes ( instructors, counsel counsellors, managers, prison and military functionaries, etc. ) , clergy and other spiritual professionals, constabulary, first respondents, nurses, and primary attention doctors [ 32, 33 ] . Unfor tunately, many possible gatekeepers lack either cognition of the hazard factors for young person self-destruction or do n't possess the appropriate attitudes or intercession accomplishments to efficaciously take action when needed. For illustration, a countrywide study of U.S. high school instructors showed that fewer than 10 % of all instructors felt that they could place at-risk pupils, and even amongst counsellors who possessed cognition of the hazard factors ; two tierces did n't believe that they could acknowledge pupils at hazard for suicide [ 49 ] . It becomes even more of import to contrive gatekeeper schemes when one takes into history a determination by Wyman and co-workers: of a assorted sample of 2,059 8th and 10th class pupils surveyed with respects to help-seeking attitudes, those who mentioned a past self-destruction effort were much less likely than those without a past self-destruction effort to seek aid or believe that any school forces could assist them [ 50 ] . The cumulative literature on this subject has non yet proven gatekeeper preparation to hold an independent or important consequence on decreasing self-destructive behaviour [ 32 ] . However, there have been some studies that point towards positive effects of these preparation plans. A survey based in Quebec gave gatekeeper preparation to 43 grownup â€Å" assistants † who worked with young person populations. Within 6 months of the preparation day of the month, over 60 % of the assistants made an intercession with a self-destructive young person, and the grownups given the preparation attained increased intercession accomplishments and cognition of self-destructive behaviour as compared with 28 assistants in a control group who did n't have the preparation [ 5 ] .Public Education Plans:Public instruction plans attempt to supply suicide consciousness information and inform the populace about hazard factors and designation schemes, every bit good as to assist cultivate appropriate attitudes towards suicide and self-destructive behaviour. These plans are frequently targeted at adolescent populations [ 13 ] and particularly in the school puting [ 28 ] . One survey looking at a school-based instruction run for striplings found that because of the intercession pupils were able to get by more efficaciously with emphasis and negative feelings like hopelessness [ 52 ] , which is a symptom associated with both PTSD and self-destructive behaviour in striplings. However, there is non adequate empirical grounds look intoing the efficaciousness of this method of suicide bar to do any definite decisions or recommendations [ 28, 33 ] . Such preventive intercessions can besides take to aim more specific at-risk populations like self-destructive striplings with PTSD by including information about placing persons in this population, hazard factors, and intervention options.Media Guidelines:As evidenced in the literature, the media ( print, telecasting, cyberspace ) can assist to ease decreases of young person self-destruction by supplying supportive advice and educating the populace or can hold potentially black results, raising mass contagious disease effects as a consequence of irresponsible coverage of self-destructions ( i.e. romanticizing or roma nticizing self-destruction, or dramatising more deadly self-destruction methods [ 24, 33, 53, 54, 55 ] ) . Improper coverage can even take to the instruction of new or alternate suicide methods [ 24 ] , every bit good as draw attending to suicide hot musca volitanss [ 56 ] . In this context, the effects of contagious disease can be far more black than contagious disease via person-person contact in community and local scenes ( as already discussed [ 53 ] ) . Furthermore, there is good grounds that young person populations are at the greatest hazard to media-related contagious disease effects [ 54, 57 ] : Phillips and Carstensen [ 54 ] reported that T.V. intelligence and characteristic narratives about self-destruction caused important additions in teenage self-destruction over the hebdomad following these broadcasts ( about a 7 % addition ) compared with grownup self-destructions that increased by less than half of a per centum. In add-on, broader coverage of these narratives by mor e intelligence Stationss led to higher Numberss of adolescent self-destruction. Media contagious disease ( besides normally referred to as the â€Å" Werther consequence † ) can in big portion be explained by societal larning theory [ 53 ] . In the instance of the Werther consequence, greater public attending can function as a wages to the perceiver and can show as longer continuance of coverage, greater sums of coverage [ 53 ] , and greater prominence of coverage, including front page arrangement or covering famous person self-destructions [ 58 ] . Furthermore, perceivers are more likely to pattern behavior off of others that they portion similar features with ( similar age or gender ) and maintain more attending on sing narratives that involve such people [ 59, 60 ] . For illustration, for up to 70 yearss after the screening of a hebdomadal series that depicted the railroad self-destruction of a 19-year old male pupil, the figure of railroad self-destructions were highest amongst the population of 15-19 twelvemonth old males ( with rates increasing by u p to 175 % ) , as compared to all other age/gender populations [ 60 ] . There are besides a few surveies looking into the possible relationship between PTSD and media effects. Research workers covering with 69 young persons in the 6th class who lived near Oklahoma metropolis when the 1995 bombardment took topographic point, but were non straight exposed to the event, found that indirect witnessing of the event via media beginnings was significantly associated with geting PTSD symptoms [ 61 ] . Another survey based in Ontario analyzing 143 undergraduate pupils ( aged 17-37 ) , looked at the PTSD symptomology related to media exposure to the 9/11 terrorist onslaughts. Media exposure was significantly associated with 2 of the 3 PTSD symptom bunchs, including hyperarousal and reliving symptoms, but was n't associated with the turning away bunch [ 62 ] . Taken in visible radiation of consequences already mentioned, that PTSD symptoms like hyperarousal and reliving symptoms in youth lead to an increased hazard of self-destruction, it can be inferred that media coverage of certain events can function to rise these hazard factors even more and make an even shorter span between PTSD and self-destruction. As briefly mentioned above, if conducted in a responsible mode, media studies on self-destruction can hold potentially good effects ( the Popegeno consequence ) . The chief bar method for self-destructive contagious disease and other inauspicious effects of the media is supplying describing guidelines for media organisations to follow [ 33, 63 ] . Such guidelines may include turning away of sensationalizing or dramatising self-destructions, promoting self-destructive people to seek intervention and attention, and educating them about the hazard factors and effectual header mechanisms, educating those involved in the production and describing about contagious disease, turning away of lucubrating on particulars of suicide methods or hot-spots, and restricting the coverage and prominence of suicide instances and avoiding front page arrangement [ 53 ] . These guidelines listed are some that help to organize a set of national guidelines developed by the American Foundation for Suicide Pre vention [ 64 ] . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has besides released similar guidelines for media describing [ 65 ] . Although no research has focused on the efficaciousness of these specific guidelines [ 33, 53 ] , there has been some work done on others. For illustration, in Vienna, Austria self-destruction rates, and in peculiar, rates of metro self-destructions, increased dramatically after the metro system was put into topographic point in 1978. Elmar and Sonneck documented an 80 % lessening in metro self-destructions after guidelines were developed by the Austrian Association for Suicide Prevention and spread via a media run in 1987 [ 66 ] . In another survey, after Swiss newspapers and magazines implemented a set of guidelines, research workers found that in comparing to before the guidelines, articles received less outstanding arrangement, were non as drawn-out, less sensational, and included less images [ 67 ] . Taking into history the surveies on media cove rage of PTSD, similar guidelines can be put into topographic point with minor add-ons to account for the hazard factors and symptoms associated with self-destructive striplings with PTSD. There have been comparatively few surveies looking to see if the cyberspace might hold a relationship with suicidality [ 68 ] . However, the cyberspace is of peculiar concern in visible radiation of the facts that societal networking sites can be utilized to distribute information in merely proceedingss [ 24 ] , there are suicide confab suites and web sites incorporating instructions for different self-destruction methods [ 33 ] , and about all immature Americans and striplings have internet entree to one grade or another ( with 93 % of all 12-17 twelvemonth olds and 89 % of 18-24 twelvemonth olds being online in 2009 [ 55 ] ) .. The most used societal media site, Facebook, reached 500 million registered users in 2010 [ 69 ] and in 2009, in general, societal networking sites were used on a regular footing by 73 % of teens, including 55 % of 12-13 twelvemonth olds and 82 % of 14-17 twelvemonth olds [ 70 ] . There is grounds that Facebook and other societal media sites may really function to increase societal support and hike mental well-being [ 71 ] and even halt or diminish self-destructive ideation in immature people and striplings [ 68 ] . One particularly unreassuring on-line locale is web sites devoted to advancing self-destruction by detailing information on self-destruction agencies and methods, of which there were found to be more than 100,000 in 1999 [ 72 ] . Other possible avenues for obtaining information about self-destruction include forums and self-help pages, in which other users can go forth remarks or feedback. In 2010, Ries [ 73 ] documented a instance in which a 24 twelvemonth old male poste d a remark on a forum about the purpose to kill himself. While some showed support and understanding, others egged him on. The immature adult male went on to kill himself. In footings of Internet-related PTSD effects, one survey found that amongst simple school kids who indirectly witnessed or heard about the 9/11 terrorist onslaughts via different media mercantile establishments, kids who saw or heard about it on the Internet reported more PTSD symptoms than those who witnessed the event by manner of telecasting or print media [ 74 ] . A recent cohort survey [ 68 ] conducted with 719 14-24 twelvemonth olds found that 59 % of participants saw or learned about suicide narratives on the Internet. Mental wellness information was besides attained from the participants. Although hopelessness and cognizing person who attempted or committed self-destruction at baseline were both extremely related to larning approximately self-destructions from societal networking sites, societal media was non related to additions in self-destructive ideation in these groups, proposing that these sites may really function to be effectual mediums for societal support and forestalling self-destructive behaviour. The same good effects were non observed with online forums, which were related to additions in self-destructive ideation, supplying grounds that forums may function to promote or ease self-destructive behaviour. The same goes for blogging, which was related to hopelessness. These consequences may bespeak that young persons with PTSD o r other mental wellness jobs associated with self-destruction may be best off sing societal media sites as opposed to forums or web logs. Like with other types of media bar, the Internet can besides be a medium used to adequately educate striplings about self-destruction, its causes, hazard factors, and intervention options. In order to battle the hurtful effects of suicide-promotion sites and other harmful locales, suicide-prevention web sites can be utilized to back up and steer suicidal young person to learn effectual header schemes and proper intervention options. Furthermore, mental wellness suppliers and gatekeepers like primary attention doctors and instructors can assist educate young person of the dangers and benefits of Internet usage ( 133 ) . Besides, as mentioned above, Facebook and other societal media sites may really assist to forestall self-destruction by leting support and counsel from friends and other people in one ‘s societal web [ 13, 71 ] . Finally, some signifier of media guidelines might assist to forestall the spread of contagious disease on the Internet. All of the bow mentioned bar opt ions can be utilized for self-destructive striplings with PTSD and/or other psychiatric conditions.Multi-dimensional Prevention Methods:Given the demonstrated efficaciousness of most of the bar methods discussed, it seems sensible to speculate that a more various, multi-dimensional self-destruction bar method, uniting all or some of these methods, might turn out to hold the best consequences of all. In a survey based in Nuremberg, Germany [ 76 ] both primary attention doctors and community gatekeepers ( clergy, help-lines, mental wellness attention workers, police officers, prison officers ) were given suicide bar preparation. Furthermore, media organisations ( T.V. , wireless, and newspaper ) were given guidelines to follow refering coverage of self-destructions in order to forestall imitator self-destructions and contagion-related effects. There was besides a public instruction run launched which organized talks for the general populace and enlisted the aid of public functionaries and assorted media mercantile establishments ( including a film dawdler and an internet web site ) to assist educate community members and wellness attention workers about depression ( which of class, is one of the chief hazard factors for self-destruction ) and to promote people with depression or depressive symptoms to seek aid. Result showed that over a two twelvemonth period, there was a 24 % decrease in self-destructive Acts of the Apostless ( which included completed self-destructions and suicide efforts ) , and that this decrease was important compared with the control part ( Wuerzburg, Germany ) that did n't have the bar plans. In Wuerzburg, self-destructive Acts of the Apostless increased by over 7 % over the two twelvemonth span. More research needs to be conducted on such multi-dimensional attacks in order to come to any concrete decisions about the efficaciousness of this method compared with the other methods discussed.