McDonalds environment analysis for hospitality

McDonalds environment analysis for hospitality INTRODUCTION As per British Hospitality Association, hospitality is UK’s 4th largest industry which employs 2.7 million people in the UK and accounted for 27.7% of total job growth in the UK. Importance of this industry to the UK’s economy can never be overemphasised. In recent past the UK’s economy has faced radical changes which led the organisation to adapt and change in order to survive and grow. The aim of this research is to analyse the impact of business environment on the success of an organisation chosen from this ever growing Hospitality and Tourism industry. The study choses McDonald corporation which is a key food service retailer. McDonalds serves over 69 million customers in over 100 countries through its 36000 locations. The organisation stepped in the UK market in 1974 and has more than 1200 restaurants across the UK. References: http://www.bha.org.uk/ http://news.mcdonalds.com/Corporate/Press-Releases/Financial-Release?xmlreleaseid=123062 1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING AN ORGANISATION: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS As per www.study.com there are a number of events and situations that impact an organisation and they can be classified into: internal environmental factors and external environmental factors (referred to as IEF and EEF hereafter). Few examples of IEF would be changes in the management, cultural changes and employee morale changes etc. Similarly few examples of EEF will be industry regulations, economic and political factors, government regulations etc. References: http://study.com/academy/lesson/internal-and-external-environments-of-business-lesson-quiz.html 1.2.1 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS IN THE CASE OF MCDONALDS: As per Campden BRI which is a food and drink research firm, there are six challenges that this industry will face in 2012 and beyond. The Campden report broadly classifies these factors as Manufacturing challenges Innovation Food Drink and the Consumer Safety Knowledge The tables below classifies the Campden BRI’s six factors as IEF and EEF applied in the case of McDonalds. Source: http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Supply-Chain/Campden-BRI-s-six-food-industry-challenges 1.2.2 ANALYSING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS IN CASE OF MCDONALDS This section tries to analyse various IEF and EEF based on 1.2.2.1 RAW MATERIAL CHALLENGES/SUPPLIERS- AN EXTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL FACTOR The foremost supporters for McDonalds are their supplier as they are the one of the largest company to supply burgers in the US. Customer’s reputation is highlighted through maintained system of service, quality and cleanliness in every aspect. They have also met or exceed USDA standards that are strictest in the food industry. The public supporters are in general multiple support clubs and with respect to customer group represents multi fan sites and blogs. 1.2.2.2 MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES / AN INTERNAL ENVIROMENT FACTOR Analysing the business environment will attempt to demonstrate the complexity of issues arise with the organisation. They have developed network operation and distribution system. The company has been able to achieve consistent product taste. Their focus is on delivery sales and protecting its life time reputation. McDonalds has also done culture adaption to consider vegetarian options for their all universal food branch. 1.2.2.3 INNOVATION / AN INTERNAL ENVIROMENT FACTOR The innovation will increase both product quality and longevity. 1.2.2.4 FOOD, DRINK AND THE CONSUMER / McDonald’s had maintained the quite low bargaining power of buyers. They are very low risk of switching customers into other brands. There was quite stagnant image among the customers through quality of differentiation, customer care and other promotions. 1.2.2.5 SAFETY / REGULATORY AND STATUTORY COMPLIANCE 1.2.2.6: KNOWLEDGE / 1.2.2.7 EXPANSION/ NEW GEOGRAPHICAL MARKET A number of key internal and external environmental factors constitute the elements of long term sustainable growth plan and it will not be wrong to say that the geographical diversification is vital element to fuel growth. As per the company’s corporate website: â€Å"We believe these priorities align with our customers evolving needs, and combined with our competitive advantages of convenience, menu variety, geographic diversification and System alignment will drive long-term sustainable growth.† Looking into the recent trends it can be said that McDonald’s growth is fuelled by its franchise business. As per the company’s official website â€Å"We view ourselves primarily as a franchisor and believe franchising is important to delivering great customer experiences and driving profitability. At year-end 2014, more than 80% of McDonald’s restaurants were franchised. SOURCE: http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/investors/company_profile.html http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/investors/company_profile.html References: http://www.bha.org.uk/ http://news.mcdonalds.com/Corporate/Press-Releases/Financial-Release?xmlreleaseid=123062 http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Aboutus/Franchising.html Competitive advantage http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Aboutus/Development/Locations_and_contacts.html McDonald is very open about its grown plans. On the official website the company has posted geographical regions for its intended growth region and invites the public to propose a development site. The study feel that by using this approach McDonalds is making an effective use of public information by providing an open platform for the local. This information gathering methodology not only is more efficient in terms of using local public knowledge about the area, but is also effective way of reducing planning, research and development cost and time that goes is development of a new site. This marketing strategy also adds to Brand awareness, brand recognition and stronger connect via the local people. Negative: The Company may end up losing a lot of time effort cost in moving in a direction which may not be fruitful. To afford a comparative analysis of the internal and external environment of McDonalds this study has used KFC’s corresponding data. It’s structured as an independent business with responsible accounting operations, community relations, training and human resources. They offer both counter service and drive through service with indoor and outdoor seating. In 2006, introduction of forever young brand was to redesign the current structure outlet of restaurant. One of the cornerstones of McDonalds success in the UK is its property portfolio, which provides a well located and convenient network of restaurants throughout the country for our customers to use and enjoy. There are almost 1200 restaurants to be found in a variety of locations such as traditional high streets; shopping centres; retail parks; roadside locations; leisure centres; railway and airport termini and motorway service areas. We are renowned for being the pioneers of the drive-thru restaurant concept and are the UK and world leader in this sector. This continues to be the key focus for our growth. Due to the growing success of the Company, the intention is to increase the pace of acquisitions with a target of 40 new restaurant openings per year from 2014, which will create up to 2,400 new job opportunities annually. The primary vehicle for this expansion will be freestanding drive-thru restaurants where convenience is key or locations in new or existing retail and leisure parks and transport hubs where visits are often part of a linked trip. Competitors http://www.kfc.co.uk/join-us/become-a-franchisee/ Mc Donald’s has a much stronger presence in the UK Market as compared to its competitors whereas a key rival KFC has 800 branches across the UK. http://www.kfc.co.uk/join-us/become-a-franchisee/ As evident from the information openly available on the website of Mc Donald’s KFC it appres that the cost of opening a Mc Donald’s franchise is much less as compared to cost of opening a KFC franchise. They suffer tough competition through burger king’s that are specialised in beef products. Wendy has also been added as a competitor due to high hamburger chains. They are other companies as well who are gaining market shares due to specialised in gourmet coffees, pasties and fresh sub sandwiches like Subway, Greggs and Starbucks. http://www.kfcdevelopment.co.uk/faqs/ KFC pays finders fee Do you pay finders fees for introducing a site? Yes we pay generous finders fees for recognised introductions  £20,000 for DT sites and  £12,500 for food courts/restaurants.* Figure: Competitors of McDonald’s A table showing a comparative analysis relating to the franchise between Mc Donald’s (UK) and KFC (UK) based on information directly available from the website. http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Aboutus/Franchising/the-finance-bit.html http://www.kfc.co.uk/join-us/become-a-franchisee/ Opponents McDonald’s has been targeted due to their popularity in the food industry. Recently there was criticism about the cow disease crisis which showed serious threats towards world health. Children welfare society also opposes this company about their advertisement on happy meal which continuously attract children to buy their products. The other opponents are mainly animal rights groups that supported animal cruelty, which are against the manufacture of food produced by killing animals. Environment Analysis McDonalds differs from its Competitors All leases are taken in the McDonalds Restaurants Ltd name McDonalds take leases up to 25 years McDonalds has a superior covenant strength achieving yields of between 5% and 6% Site requirements Mixed Use/Retail Parks/Leisure Parks/Main Arterial Routes Co-location opportunities with hotels and petrol stations considered Ideal site size is 0.5+ acres All opportunities considered: Standalone units/Leasehold or Freehold sites up to one acre Our Recommendations: The research asserts that being in food industry the importance of maintaining a healthy and clean image in the eye of the public can never be overemphasized. Having said that, the increasing competition in the industry may lead to targeted negative criticism towards McDonalds. Developing a proactive crisis management team will be key element to manage any crisis situation. This study feels that there is a direct correlation between growth planning and the number of outlets that an organisation can open in new geographical areas across the UK. The franchise model plays a key role in deciding the growth path in the UK market and how well McDonald’s and its competitors manage this model will determine the organisations future share in this industry segment in the foreseeable future. Below are some key recommendations: Proactive measures to find a store location in the newer markets: Whereas, inviting public to propose a site for an outlet is a very cost effective and efficient way for growth planning, at the same time the study feels that McDonalds should take proactive steps to capture all the key locations in the major towns and cities. Using extensive market research, talking to local people and other direct means of research will be highly recommended for this purpose. Encouraging active participation of local resources: From finding a new location to the stage of complete set up of a franchise store, the process may involve a close liaison with local public. The study feels that there should be more incentive for the local parties to take an enthusiastic participation in this process. The study found that the KFC offers a ‘Finder’s Fee’ covenant openly disclosed under the FAQ section whereas provision for such a clause was missing from McDonalds website. Full disclosure of key information which is vital for decision making: If the franchise procedure is explained well, it could play a key role in encouraging people to show active participation in the process. Whereas KFC’s website discloses information about handing of planning permission and the time duration involved in the whole set up process very openly, this was found missing from the franchise FAQs section of the McDonalds website. Clear and full disclosure of the vital facts will afford more tools for informed decision making in the hands of perspective franchisee.

Water Molecule

Free Essays Must Be Free! TM Water Is Essential To Life Term paper While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used ‘as is' because they will not meet your assignment's requirements. If you are in a time crunch, then you need a custom written term paper on your subject (water is essential to life) Here you can hire an independent writer/researcher to custom write you an authentic essay to your specifications that will pass any plagiarism test (e. g. Turnitin). Waste no more time! Water is Essential to Life Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives.Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. †¦ Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. It's important to understand and examine the water molecule in order to ascertain how it brought about Ear th's thriving ecosystem and how important it is for us today. Water is a strong solvent, it's a very unique molecule that can breaks and reforms constantly. Each water molecule consists acid What is acid rain? Acid rain is the term for pollution caused †¦ f one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom also called the â€Å"apex of the water molecule† bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one (Kirk 225). Because of the opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed (Kirk 256). There are several types of water molecule such as liquid water, ice and water The Debate Over A Century Old Law English 201 The Debate Over a Century Old Law Thesis: The showdown in the west between the U. S.Government and †¦ vapor. These are all as important as we need in our daily lives. In a liquid form of water it has no such spaces because hydrogen bonds constantly breaks and reforms. Thus ice is stable hydrogen bonds that bonded together, it's less dense and will float on liquid water. If it's not this reason, the great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice, and all life in the climatic change I. SUMMARY: This paper looks at the controversial issue of climatic change. In particular, it develops the question of if and why earth’s climate is changing?The roles †¦ water would all die (Bio ;notes) Water is a very small molecule that has its own unique properties therefore it behaves like a larger one. The bonds between water molecules are the covalent bonds ;these bonds are so strong that water resists changes in its state. For example, solid, liquid and gas. Thus water has a higher melting point and a higher boiling point than any other molecule of similar size (Kirk 256). When heat is applied to solid Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so!! by Ryan Shoquist English 121 Dr.Gilliard November 23, 1996 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages †¦ water, some hydrogen bonds get so much kinetic energy that they break and the ice melts. Whereas liquid water does not necessarily have all four hydrogen bonds present at all times but it must somehow retain some of them so if any object penetrates water, it must be able to break the hydrogen bonds on the surface of the water. These bonds normally resist breaking but The rest of the paper is available free of charge to our registered users.The registration process just couldn't be easier. Log in or register now. It is all free! 1. â€Å"Biology Today†, Kirk David : Third Edition, Random House Publishers, 1980 2. General Biolog y,: Chemical Foundations of Life or â€Å"Asking about Life†, Tobin and Dusheck, 1998. 3. â€Å"Concepts and Challenged in Life Science†, Stanley Wolfe: Second Edition, ? 1989, 1986 Globe Book Company; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 Share on linkedin Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email More Sharing Services 0 You should cite this paper as follows: MLA Style . EssayMania. com. Retrieved on 30 Mar, 2013 from More College Papers ater essay Fresh water is one of our most important natural resources because it's needed for survival and there is no substitute for it. Unlike energy, which has many alternative forms there are no alternatives for water. Most of our earth is covered by water, but only a tiny amount is available for fresh wat watership down essay Hazel became the leader of the rabbits once they left their original warren. He was a very smart and tricky rabbit who won the respect and trust of the other rabbits by his courage and many great deeds. He always handled problems calmly so others would also remained calm. Whenever a plan was neeWatergate Thesis essay Table of Contents Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 1 Thesis and Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pg. 2-10 Appendix A (Definitions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 11 List of Works Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 12 Menu Hire Writer Free Essays Essay Database Login Register Share More Sharing ServicesShare  © 2013 EssayMania. com. All Rights Reserved. Related Searches: Buy Research Paper Sample College Essay College Essays College Research Paper Essay Examples Writing A Research Paper Essay Writing Service Writing Arguments Essay Writers Writing College Papers Water Molecule Free Essays Must Be Free! TM Water Is Essential To Life Term paper While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used ‘as is' because they will not meet your assignment's requirements. If you are in a time crunch, then you need a custom written term paper on your subject (water is essential to life) Here you can hire an independent writer/researcher to custom write you an authentic essay to your specifications that will pass any plagiarism test (e. g. Turnitin). Waste no more time! Water is Essential to Life Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives.Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. †¦ Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. It's important to understand and examine the water molecule in order to ascertain how it brought about Ear th's thriving ecosystem and how important it is for us today. Water is a strong solvent, it's a very unique molecule that can breaks and reforms constantly. Each water molecule consists acid What is acid rain? Acid rain is the term for pollution caused †¦ f one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom also called the â€Å"apex of the water molecule† bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one (Kirk 225). Because of the opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed (Kirk 256). There are several types of water molecule such as liquid water, ice and water The Debate Over A Century Old Law English 201 The Debate Over a Century Old Law Thesis: The showdown in the west between the U. S.Government and †¦ vapor. These are all as important as we need in our daily lives. In a liquid form of water it has no such spaces because hydrogen bonds constantly breaks and reforms. Thus ice is stable hydrogen bonds that bonded together, it's less dense and will float on liquid water. If it's not this reason, the great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice, and all life in the climatic change I. SUMMARY: This paper looks at the controversial issue of climatic change. In particular, it develops the question of if and why earth’s climate is changing?The roles †¦ water would all die (Bio ;notes) Water is a very small molecule that has its own unique properties therefore it behaves like a larger one. The bonds between water molecules are the covalent bonds ;these bonds are so strong that water resists changes in its state. For example, solid, liquid and gas. Thus water has a higher melting point and a higher boiling point than any other molecule of similar size (Kirk 256). When heat is applied to solid Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so!! by Ryan Shoquist English 121 Dr.Gilliard November 23, 1996 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages †¦ water, some hydrogen bonds get so much kinetic energy that they break and the ice melts. Whereas liquid water does not necessarily have all four hydrogen bonds present at all times but it must somehow retain some of them so if any object penetrates water, it must be able to break the hydrogen bonds on the surface of the water. These bonds normally resist breaking but The rest of the paper is available free of charge to our registered users.The registration process just couldn't be easier. Log in or register now. It is all free! 1. â€Å"Biology Today†, Kirk David : Third Edition, Random House Publishers, 1980 2. General Biolog y,: Chemical Foundations of Life or â€Å"Asking about Life†, Tobin and Dusheck, 1998. 3. â€Å"Concepts and Challenged in Life Science†, Stanley Wolfe: Second Edition, ? 1989, 1986 Globe Book Company; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 Share on linkedin Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email More Sharing Services 0 You should cite this paper as follows: MLA Style . EssayMania. com. Retrieved on 30 Mar, 2013 from More College Papers ater essay Fresh water is one of our most important natural resources because it's needed for survival and there is no substitute for it. Unlike energy, which has many alternative forms there are no alternatives for water. Most of our earth is covered by water, but only a tiny amount is available for fresh wat watership down essay Hazel became the leader of the rabbits once they left their original warren. He was a very smart and tricky rabbit who won the respect and trust of the other rabbits by his courage and many great deeds. He always handled problems calmly so others would also remained calm. Whenever a plan was neeWatergate Thesis essay Table of Contents Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 1 Thesis and Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pg. 2-10 Appendix A (Definitions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 11 List of Works Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 12 Menu Hire Writer Free Essays Essay Database Login Register Share More Sharing ServicesShare  © 2013 EssayMania. com. All Rights Reserved. Related Searches: Buy Research Paper Sample College Essay College Essays College Research Paper Essay Examples Writing A Research Paper Essay Writing Service Writing Arguments Essay Writers Writing College Papers

Essay on Male Chauvinism in John Updike and Ernest Hemingway

Male Chauvinism in John Updike and Ernest Hemingway John Updike and Ernest Hemingway struggle to portray women in a positive light; because of this, Updike’s and Hemingway’s readers come away from their stories with the effect that the lead male characters are chauvinistic, which can be defined as â€Å"prejudiced devotion to any attitude or cause† (â€Å"Chauvinism† 228). In John Updike’s â€Å"A P†, three girls shop in the local A P and are described head to toe by the nineteen year old cashier, Sammy: â€Å"The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece. She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to†¦show more content†¦He continues after that to analyze the girls’ every move and feature, saying that the â€Å"bare plane of the top of her chest down from the shoulder bones† was â€Å"more than pretty,† and that ‘Queenie’ â€Å"turned so slow it made my stomach rub the inside of my apron† (148). Sammy and Stokesie then have conversation while watching the girls walk. â€Å"‘Oh, Daddy,’ Stokesie said beside me. ‘I feel so faint.’ ‘Darling,’ I said. ‘Hold me tight’† (149). Even the man behind the meat counter, McMahon, began to watch and react to the girls by â€Å"patting his mouth and looking after them sizing up their joints† (149). Sammy continues with his chauvinistic ways when â€Å"she lifts a folded dollar bill out of the hollow at the center of her nubbled pink top. The jar went heavy in my hand. I thought that was so cute† (150), and when he uncreases â€Å"the bill, tenderly as you may imagine, it just having come from between the two smoothest scoops of vanilla I had ever known were there† (151). Through Updike’s descriptions and dialogue, he has made the male characters in â€Å"A P† come across as the stereotypical male pig. After Lengel, the manager, informs the girls that â€Å"this isn’t the beach† (150), Sammy immediately blurts out, â€Å"I quit.† â€Å"The girls, and who’d blame them, are in a hurry to get out, so I say ‘I quit,’ to Lengel quick enough for them to hear, hoping they’ll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero†

Cloning is Ethical or Not - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1223 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Cloning Essay Did you like this example? There are many different opinions on cloning and whether cloning is ethical or not. Cloning has been banned in multiple countries, and American states. Many people have successfully made a clone of mammals, but never a human, and researchers are saying it may not be long until a human is cloned. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cloning is Ethical or Not?" essay for you Create order Cloning describes the process used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism, according to MedlinePlus. The clone is the copied material, which has the same genetic built as the original. The gene is the basic unit of genetic material. The genetic instructions inside the living cell are called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Researchers have cloned whole organisms and biological materials. Researchers use different kinds of techniques to make gene copies. The procedure starts with inserting a gene from a certain organism, this is called foreign DNA into genetic material or a carrier, called the vector. A vector could be something like a bacteria cell or virus. Once the gene has been inserted, it is placed in laboratory conditions, which causes it to multiply. This results in the gene being copied many times over. There are three different kinds of artificial cloning; gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning, or DNA cloning, is very different from reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning produces the copies or sections of DNA. Reproductive cloning creates copies of whole animals or humans. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments targeted towards creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues, according to the National Humans Research Genome Research Institute. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning are used for different purposes, but share a lot of techniques. The first mammal was cloned in 1997 which led many people to think it wouldnt be long until scientist would be able to clone humans. Immediately after, a council on bioethics and an emergency report both published reports claiming that the technology was unsafe and dangerous, and that it should be banned, even for scientific research. There is currently no infor mation on anyone successfully cloning a human embryo, but there have been many claims that a human has been cloned, but no evidence of it. Cloning humans are actually much more difficult than cloning mammals. This is because two proteins called spindle proteins, that are essential to cell division, are located very close to the chromosome in primate eggs. Because of this, the removal of the eggs nucleus to make room for the donor nucleus, also removes the spindle proteins, interfering with cell division. In other mammals, the two spindle fibers are more spread out and not located as close to the chromosomes. So during removal of the eggs nucleus, there is no loss of spindle fibers. There are many pros and cons to cloning humans. A pro to cloning humans would be that it could eliminate defective genes. When humans reproduce there is an increase in damage to their DNA lines, which creates defective and mutated genes. These genes could be terminated by cloning healthy human cells. Another pro is that cloning technology can potentially cure some disorders. This can be done by replacing damaged tissues or organs within the body because the transplanting process could become much simpler. Along with cloning humans, there are also many cons, one major example is that it interferes with nature. Another con of cloning humans is that it could easily decrease the value of human life significantly and cloning humans operates against many religious ethics. A group of animals that have vertebrates , higher animals, consist of billions of cells. Almost all of these cells have a nucleus, which contains genetic information in the form of DNA. The information is the exact same for every cell in the animal. Scientist use the Nuclear Transfer technique to clone animals. Scientist start by removing the nucleus from a cell, this nucleus is called the donor nucleus. Scientists then put the donor nucleus into an egg cell from the species whose nucleus has been destroyed. The egg cell now has a new nucleus and the same genetic makeup as the donor animal. Once the egg has a new nucleus, the cell must be activated to create the embryo. An embryo is a mass of cells that can grow into a fully formed organism, according to World Book Student. To activate the cell, scientist normally gives the cell a small electric shock. Next the DNA of the donor egg must be reprogrammed by the egg. When scientist reprogram the DNA, they are activating part of the DNA not active in the parent cell. This allows the cell to develop into an entire organism instead of just a copy of the donor cell. Scientists do not fully understand how the egg can reprogram such like this, yet programming techniques like these have a very high failure rate. These experiments often result in the death of the cloned embryo and sometimes scientists even place the cloned embryo into the womb of a substitute mother, who carries the clone until birth. Scientist were already cloning amphibians in th e 50s such as frogs and salamanders. The first mammal cloned was in 1996 by a British team led by Ian Wilmut. It was a sheep named Dolly. Since this sheep was cloned, many other countries have used similar techniques to clone mice, cats, and cows. Some cons to cloning animals are that cloning animals have a very low success rate, actually, 95% of cloning attempts end in failure. Cloning attempts also have a high rate of many birth defects or illnesses. Cloning is also the least reliable way of reproduction and another con is that cloning is very, very expensive. Along with cons, there are a couple pros to cloning animals. One would be that it would help to restore species that are going extinct, which could help certain ecosystems survive longer, but this would majorly affect the circle of life. There are many ethnic concerns to cloning animals and humans and for many different reasons. Cloning experiments have given scientists a lot of information on biological processes, that could be used to develop treatments for many diseases. Scientist have still not perfected a technique used to clone mammals, and still, find it difficult to consistently produce healthy clones. Most cloned embryos do not even make it to birth, and clone d animals have a much higher chance of being born with birth defects than naturally produced animals. Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of someone or something. There are three different kinds of cloning, gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Cloning a human embryo has been attempted at many time but never successfully. Many pros and cons to both forms of cloning prove that cloning can be taken as ethical or unethical, depending on Geib, Claudia. Were Getting Closer to Cloning Humans. References: Heres Whats Stopping Us. Futurism, Futurism, 16 Apr. 2018, futurism.com/human-cloning-whats-stopping. Cloning Fact Sheet. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), 21 Mar. 2017, www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/. Seidel, George E., Jr. Cloning. World Book Student, World Book, 2018, www.worldbookonline.com/student-new/#/article/home/ar 119610. Accessed 15 Oct. 2018. What Is Cloning, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/. Office of the Commissioner. Consumer Updates Animal Cloning and Food Safety. U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page, Office of the Commissioner, www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm148768.htm.